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We're gonna Whoa, that is really loud.

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I'm sorry. We're going to get ready here

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in just a minute. If everybody can uh if

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you want to drink the restroom, we'll

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get rolling here in just a couple

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minutes.

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Okay. Can everybody hear me? Okay, it's

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good. Um, so I'm going to quickly

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introduce myself, uh, do some

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housekeeping information, and then I'm

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going to hand it off to Commissioner

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Rossman. Uh, my name is Will Hunt. I'm

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the director of planning, GIS, and

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community development. Um, I welcome

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everybody here this meeting. We're

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really anxious to hear the information

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that we're going to have tonight. Um,

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the planning commission has been having

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this as a regular topic here uh on the

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planning commission agendas since

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earlier this winter and uh, you know, we

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were able to get this organized and uh,

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Commissioner Rossman will go into a

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little bit deeper background of what's

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been going on. So, we really appreciate

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everybody coming out. Hopefully, it

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seems like there's a lot of food, so

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make sure we grab some food. Um, just

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for some housekeeping, the way that you

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came in is the way that you come out.

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Um, and so the only exit would be there.

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There is this exit that that is locked

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to go out this way. Um, and back out the

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same village you came in. There's

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restrooms downstairs and upstairs. So,

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if you go down the steps to the right

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about halfway down the hall, there

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should be restrooms and similar on the

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second floor upstairs. Um, if you do

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have any questions, you can grab any of

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us uh and help you get to those

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locations. But, um, again, I'm going to

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introduce Commissioner Rossman. He's

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going to do some opening remarks and

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then we'll get this presentation

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rolling. So, thank you.

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» Thank you. Welcome. I just I guess first

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I'll start on how we got here. uh a

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couple year year and a half ago uh I was

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a little concerned about solar energy,

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wind energy

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and the destruction that's done to our

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land and our forest and I got in contact

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with Commissioner Mcclinko.

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I got in contact

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with Commissioner Mcclinko from Bradford

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County who happens to be the chair or

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the president of the America's Rural

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Energy Coalition. It's not a lobbying

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group. It's a group that was put

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together to protect land owners from the

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gas leases, I believe. So, with that,

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I'm going to introduce Doug so he can

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tell you more about the ARC and we'll

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get moving on here.

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Thanks Bob and thank you uh Potter

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County for hosting this tonight. It's

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pretty important but ARC is actually an

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education organization. We're in 11

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different states across the the United

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States from California all the way to

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Ohio. We have people, you know, from DC

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that are in it, Louisiana, Texas. Um so

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what we do is we educate and we support

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all energy. you know, I'm basically

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everything below. You know, I'm not a

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big fan of solar or windmills. However,

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I'm a private property rights guy. So, I

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would completely defend somebody's um

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desire to put anything on their

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property. So, um but you know, it's it's

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interesting, too, if I could just take a

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minute. Um you mentioned solar and wind.

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You know, I just went to one of the best

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conferences I've ever gone to. And

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there's going to be a fellow come here,

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uh, Justin Mason here shortly, and we as

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commissioners in Pennsylvania taxing is

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I'm not a tax guy either. However, um,

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our our windmill in in solar, what we

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what we're allowed to tax here in in

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Pennsylvania is peanuts to other part

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other states. It was the the uh

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conference I went to had 30

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commissioners from uh I can't remember

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how many states, but but in Bradford

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County, a windmill is 400 bucks a year.

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That's what that's what you can tax. But

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today, we're here to talk about nuclear.

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And this to me is pretty exciting. I

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think that you guys are going to be

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talking about a little bit about storage

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and other things. I think knowing you

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guys, you'll be able to answer all our

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questions on nuclear or most of them.

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And what's really cool about today is

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the data center conversation, you know,

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with the I think they're co-generation

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plants, the smaller nuclear pods that

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they're I don't know if there'll be a

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lot of discussion there, but nuclear is

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going to come to the front of come to

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the forefront of energy, you know, next

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to a gas well. Give me a good

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oldfashioned nuclear cooling tower and

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I'm good. So, um, with that, uh, Bob,

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who would, uh, who we got up next? We

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got a Andrew. Okay,

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we like to thank you guys for coming,

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too. I mean, this is uh I've been

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looking forward to this. It's going to

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be pretty interesting. So, here you go.

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» Thank you, Doug.

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I am very wow, I don't need to use my

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teacher voice. I am very happy to be

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here. My name is there on the screen,

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Marilyn Dunzik Galer. I'm actually a

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professor of nuclear engineering at

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Idaho State University where I also run

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our little reactor facility. But the

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reason I really wanted to be here

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tonight is because I grew up in

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Pennsylvania in Dolphin County. I have

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family in Elisburg, not that far away.

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Pennsylvania is is in my roots and

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nuclear is in my heart. So the

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combination was bound to happen. So, I

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just want to give you an overview of who

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ANS is because I'm here as a member of

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the American Nuclear Society.

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I don't do this on a professional basis.

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I'm just passionate about nuclear. And

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like many professions, uh, the American

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Nuclear Society is my professional

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organization.

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Button down. Got it. Okay. Uh, how do I

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do this part?

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A little bit about the American Nuclear

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Society.

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You don't need to be a nuclear nuclear

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professional to join ANS. But that's a

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little bit about who we are and what we

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do.

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Like I said, many professions have a

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professional society. But ANS is the

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dominant the leading organization for

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nuclear science and technology.

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Many of you will have heard of the Adams

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for Peace speech that President

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Roosevelt gave to the United Nations in

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the 50s. The ANS was created to help

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foster that idea of using this newfound

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nuclear information to benefit people.

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So, we do again what many associations

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do. Um, we have publications that

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highlight the work that's going on in

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the industry, develop standards for the

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industry. We have meetings and

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conferences that allow us as

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professionals to stay up to date with

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what's happening in the industry, but

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also present our own work.

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We try to support the upand cominging

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nuclear professionals with scholarships

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to students at both the high school and

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college level and we try to do a lot of

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public engagement and that is part of

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why we are here today

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about 12,000 members not only in the US

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uh we have many international members

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even though the name of our society is

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the American nuclear society.

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We have also organizational members. So

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an entire organization will become a

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member and default the employees of that

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organization would be a member. We hold

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conferences. We um have organized

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ourselves in professional divisions

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because if you say nuclear there are a

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lot of subd disciplines. For example,

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one division might focus on operating

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nuclear power plants. Another division

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might better go on uh the use of medical

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isotopes. A whole different animal. So,

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we have those divisions.

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All right. What I want to do tonight is

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to answer a few questions that I pose

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and then hopefully answer all those that

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you'd like to pose. The first is why

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would you even consider nuclear

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engineering?

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Well, one motivation that many

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proponents of nuclear have is that they

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want a reliable method of producing

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electricity that doesn't emit carbon

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dioxide. And nuclear checks that box.

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You can see the statistics for yourself.

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If you look at the entire life cycle,

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not just while the power plant is

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operating, but from cradle to grave,

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well, nuclear is pretty good. It's

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actually even better than hydro power or

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solar

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PV photo voltaic. You don't typically

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hear about that because people just talk

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about what's happening while it's

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operating. Not all that was required to

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mine the mineral you need and process it

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and and transport and then what you have

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to do after you dismantle the plant.

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So you can see on the right of the slide

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what we have in the US in terms of

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distribution of where our electricity

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comes from.

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We are at about 18% nuclear. Not

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surprising to you, I'm sure, is that the

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majority is fossil fuel, natural gas,

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and coal. And then about 24% renewables.

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Oops, I forgot.

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Another reason to consider nuclear is

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the increasing demand for electricity.

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I'm sure you've all been hearing about

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data centers and how they are energy

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sponges and if you send all the

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electricity to them, what about you at

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home? Where does that power come from?

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And many of the AI companies are looking

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for ways to support the energy

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infrastructure to the extent that for

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example uh AWS Talon has proposed and

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promised essentially an $18 billion

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power purchase agreement for Susuana

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nuclear power plant here in

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Pennsylvania. That's big dollars.

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Microsoft has a 20-year power purchase

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agreement to open the unit of free mile

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island that operated until that that

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many years ago. They are renaming it

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crane clean energy center.

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Then things like

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directives from the government,

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governmental New York said, "Okay, our

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authority develop five gigawatts of new

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nuclear

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upstate in New York." If you're not real

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comfortable with these megawatt numbers,

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don't worry. I'll give you some

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comparisons in a minute to get a feel

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for how big or little that is.

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And also uh since President Trump

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started in his second term, he put out

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executive orders specific to nuclear

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trying to uh move the industry along,

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get uh new nuclear plants filled, maybe

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advanced designs,

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but he wants 10 large new reactors under

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construction by 2030.

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So, lots of movement in the nuclear

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energy sector. Another reason why you

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might consider nuclear is jobs

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for a typical thousand megawatt plant.

272
00:14:25,360 --> 00:14:29,680
And again, hold on. I'll give you some

273
00:14:27,040 --> 00:14:33,920
context for those numbers in a bit.

274
00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:36,639
You're talking 715 well-paying jobs,

275
00:14:33,920 --> 00:14:38,160
average salary shown there of about

276
00:14:36,639 --> 00:14:40,560
100,000.

277
00:14:38,160 --> 00:14:43,360
And not just the people who work at the

278
00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:46,480
plant, but the supporting industry, you

279
00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:49,279
know, the places that manufacture the

280
00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:51,680
components or manufacture the fuel, all

281
00:14:49,279 --> 00:14:55,519
of that infrastructure, they are good

282
00:14:51,680 --> 00:15:00,079
paying jobs. And ironically, for a

283
00:14:55,519 --> 00:15:02,800
technical field, 34% female workforce.

284
00:15:00,079 --> 00:15:06,800
I went to graduate school in nuclear

285
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:09,519
engineering and I am very used to being

286
00:15:06,800 --> 00:15:11,120
the only female in the group to the

287
00:15:09,519 --> 00:15:13,760
point where when I'm in a big room with

288
00:15:11,120 --> 00:15:18,839
a lot of women I feel a little nervous.

289
00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:18,839
So that really is an unusual statistic.

290
00:15:19,199 --> 00:15:24,000
There's some more example of salaries

291
00:15:21,760 --> 00:15:26,079
across different

292
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:30,120
supporting roles for a nuclear power

293
00:15:26,079 --> 00:15:30,120
plant. very healthy.

294
00:15:30,880 --> 00:15:36,959
So that's the why you might consider.

295
00:15:33,519 --> 00:15:40,959
Let's look at the nuclear industry. Now

296
00:15:36,959 --> 00:15:45,120
in the US there are 94 reactors you see

297
00:15:40,959 --> 00:15:47,360
in the left and they are at 53 plants.

298
00:15:45,120 --> 00:15:51,160
So one plant might have more than one

299
00:15:47,360 --> 00:15:51,160
reactor at the site.

300
00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:56,480
There will be number 95. I keep trying

301
00:15:54,800 --> 00:16:01,120
to use the pointer but it doesn't show

302
00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:04,000
up here. Number 95 will be in Michigan

303
00:16:01,120 --> 00:16:07,040
Palisades plant which is shut down. It's

304
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:11,279
going to be restarted. Three mile island

305
00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:13,440
unit one I just mentioned will be 96 in

306
00:16:11,279 --> 00:16:15,839
Dwayne Arnold in Iowa. These are all

307
00:16:13,440 --> 00:16:18,800
plans that operated for decades. They

308
00:16:15,839 --> 00:16:21,680
were my apologies. They were shut down

309
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:24,800
but are going to be reopened because of

310
00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:28,399
the value of of this infrastructure and

311
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:31,399
the fact that we can get this energy uh

312
00:16:28,399 --> 00:16:31,399
reliably

313
00:16:31,759 --> 00:16:37,279
and not release CO2.

314
00:16:34,800 --> 00:16:39,279
On the right I find this plot sort of

315
00:16:37,279 --> 00:16:42,079
interesting. The different colors

316
00:16:39,279 --> 00:16:44,720
indicate where the majority of

317
00:16:42,079 --> 00:16:48,560
electricity comes from. So, I mentioned

318
00:16:44,720 --> 00:16:51,360
I was from Idaho and while home is still

319
00:16:48,560 --> 00:16:54,160
Pennsylvania to me, my kids were raised

320
00:16:51,360 --> 00:16:57,360
there. So, that's home now. But in that

321
00:16:54,160 --> 00:17:00,079
northeast area, sort of turquoise color,

322
00:16:57,360 --> 00:17:02,959
we are very lucky to have hydro power

323
00:17:00,079 --> 00:17:06,240
and so our power bill is pretty low. The

324
00:17:02,959 --> 00:17:09,120
other colors correspond to gas, that

325
00:17:06,240 --> 00:17:12,400
dark blue, coal in that sort of dark

326
00:17:09,120 --> 00:17:15,919
purple color. Wind in couple of the

327
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:18,919
plain states, nuclear are those orange

328
00:17:15,919 --> 00:17:18,919
states.

329
00:17:19,280 --> 00:17:23,919
Let's focus in just a little bit more

330
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:26,400
because it's kind of hard to see where

331
00:17:23,919 --> 00:17:29,200
you might fit in. Uh, you're

332
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:32,240
Pennsylvania is in the dominant gas

333
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:35,039
mode, but you might be surprised to know

334
00:17:32,240 --> 00:17:38,480
that while you're dominated by gas,

335
00:17:35,039 --> 00:17:41,840
you're still 35% nuclear. Did you know

336
00:17:38,480 --> 00:17:44,559
that? Kind of surprising. This is for

337
00:17:41,840 --> 00:17:47,600
the PJM interconnection.

338
00:17:44,559 --> 00:17:50,840
And of course, after nuclear, there's

339
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:50,840
the gas.

340
00:17:52,400 --> 00:18:00,240
In neighboring New York, 41% electricity

341
00:17:56,640 --> 00:18:04,919
is nuclear in upstate New York. That's

342
00:18:00,240 --> 00:18:04,919
uh from ISO instead of PJM.

343
00:18:05,679 --> 00:18:12,080
Now, these plants I'm talking about, the

344
00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:14,480
94 and soon to be uh 97, they go into

345
00:18:12,080 --> 00:18:16,799
the large category. They're all about a

346
00:18:14,480 --> 00:18:19,840
thousand megawatts electric. All right.

347
00:18:16,799 --> 00:18:23,120
Now, here's my way of giving you a feel

348
00:18:19,840 --> 00:18:26,960
for how big that is. a thousand megawatt

349
00:18:23,120 --> 00:18:28,880
electric plant could

350
00:18:26,960 --> 00:18:32,799
support

351
00:18:28,880 --> 00:18:37,280
the power needs for a rather large city.

352
00:18:32,799 --> 00:18:41,039
We're talking um 700,000 homes, for

353
00:18:37,280 --> 00:18:44,160
example, plus the associated businesses.

354
00:18:41,039 --> 00:18:46,640
That's a lot of energy.

355
00:18:44,160 --> 00:18:48,880
What's happening as we move forward is

356
00:18:46,640 --> 00:18:51,280
we'll still have some large plants. They

357
00:18:48,880 --> 00:18:53,919
have a a role and they are the backbone

358
00:18:51,280 --> 00:18:56,160
of our current industry. But we're

359
00:18:53,919 --> 00:18:57,919
seeing a lot of development with smaller

360
00:18:56,160 --> 00:19:00,640
reactors.

361
00:18:57,919 --> 00:19:04,720
From the right, a small reactor is

362
00:19:00,640 --> 00:19:07,919
considered about a few hundred megawws

363
00:19:04,720 --> 00:19:11,200
electric. So about a third. Then there's

364
00:19:07,919 --> 00:19:15,760
mini about tens of megawws. And then

365
00:19:11,200 --> 00:19:18,960
micro, which is just a few microw. So

366
00:19:15,760 --> 00:19:22,320
these have potential to do things

367
00:19:18,960 --> 00:19:25,039
differently than the big plants because

368
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:27,120
they're more flexible. They're smaller

369
00:19:25,039 --> 00:19:30,400
and they can be used for things other

370
00:19:27,120 --> 00:19:33,200
than making electricity. So right now

371
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:36,000
our large plants, they make electricity

372
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:38,720
period. But the idea is that some of the

373
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:41,280
advanced designs are going to be

374
00:19:38,720 --> 00:19:44,240
flexible enough to do things like make

375
00:19:41,280 --> 00:19:47,039
hydrogen if we ended up using hydrogen

376
00:19:44,240 --> 00:19:50,559
fuel cells for transportation or maybe

377
00:19:47,039 --> 00:19:54,320
used for process heat. An example there

378
00:19:50,559 --> 00:19:57,520
is Dowo Chemical. You probably all heard

379
00:19:54,320 --> 00:20:00,559
of Dowo Chemical. They have a plant in

380
00:19:57,520 --> 00:20:03,200
southern Texas where they process uh

381
00:20:00,559 --> 00:20:06,320
petroleum and and make the chemicals

382
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:09,280
that they do right now. They burn fossil

383
00:20:06,320 --> 00:20:11,600
fuel to make the heat that they need to

384
00:20:09,280 --> 00:20:14,080
do the process. They would like to not

385
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:16,480
burn that fossil fuel. And so they've

386
00:20:14,080 --> 00:20:20,480
contracted with a company called X

387
00:20:16,480 --> 00:20:25,400
Energy to build a small reactor for

388
00:20:20,480 --> 00:20:25,400
them. So they have that electricity

389
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:32,000
Obviously, we talked about electricity

390
00:20:28,480 --> 00:20:33,679
use, but the process heat is something

391
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:37,840
you don't hear about, but it's a big

392
00:20:33,679 --> 00:20:41,440
deal. Uh, making concrete, steel,

393
00:20:37,840 --> 00:20:44,080
even desalinating water, uh, are uses

394
00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:50,120
for nuclear that you don't hear much in

395
00:20:44,080 --> 00:20:50,120
the news, but are, uh, big energy needs.

396
00:20:53,120 --> 00:20:58,320
How many have heard the term small

397
00:20:55,039 --> 00:21:01,440
modular reactor? Anybody? Handful of

398
00:20:58,320 --> 00:21:03,679
you. Okay. So,

399
00:21:01,440 --> 00:21:06,000
the reason I asked because I said yes,

400
00:21:03,679 --> 00:21:10,000
small is a few hundred watts, but you'll

401
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:13,280
often hear hear that middle word modular

402
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:16,880
and it is significant in a lot of ways.

403
00:21:13,280 --> 00:21:20,000
For example, these reactors are being

404
00:21:16,880 --> 00:21:23,440
designed and demoed right now and in the

405
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:25,200
near future. When they're ready for

406
00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:27,919
production at a high level, they're

407
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:29,760
going to be factory built, partly free

408
00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:33,120
prefabricated.

409
00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:35,039
And that may sound like, eh, so what?

410
00:21:33,120 --> 00:21:38,000
Well, the thing is that all of the

411
00:21:35,039 --> 00:21:41,280
existing power plants in the US were

412
00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:44,640
built onsite and a lot of unique

413
00:21:41,280 --> 00:21:46,960
components and made it really expensive.

414
00:21:44,640 --> 00:21:49,840
So, the idea is let's get out of that

415
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:51,760
bad loop. Uh, let's make multiple units

416
00:21:49,840 --> 00:21:54,400
that are all the same and they all fit

417
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:56,400
together and they all use the same parts

418
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:58,720
because when you go from one plant to

419
00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:01,760
another in the US, there are differences

420
00:21:58,720 --> 00:22:03,840
among every single plant.

421
00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,159
So, a little bit simple simpler in

422
00:22:03,840 --> 00:22:10,080
design than our current plants and

423
00:22:06,159 --> 00:22:14,240
enhanced passive safety features. What

424
00:22:10,080 --> 00:22:18,159
that means is instead of needing a pump

425
00:22:14,240 --> 00:22:21,840
to, for example, push cooling water into

426
00:22:18,159 --> 00:22:25,679
a reactor if there's an emergency, why

427
00:22:21,840 --> 00:22:28,720
not take the emergency water tank and

428
00:22:25,679 --> 00:22:31,120
put it at a higher elevation than the

429
00:22:28,720 --> 00:22:33,840
reactor? So if you need it, it'll just

430
00:22:31,120 --> 00:22:36,080
flow in by gravity feed. You don't have

431
00:22:33,840 --> 00:22:38,799
to pump it. So there a lot more passive

432
00:22:36,080 --> 00:22:42,240
features in these designs.

433
00:22:38,799 --> 00:22:44,640
More flexibility for financing,

434
00:22:42,240 --> 00:22:47,919
sighting, sizing, and what they actually

435
00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:50,480
will be used for. And again, hopefully

436
00:22:47,919 --> 00:22:53,840
reduced construction cost based on the

437
00:22:50,480 --> 00:22:57,520
factory construction.

438
00:22:53,840 --> 00:23:00,960
Flexibility and scalability refers to

439
00:22:57,520 --> 00:23:04,400
where it goes, how you use it. If you're

440
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:06,400
considering a remote community or a

441
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:08,799
country that doesn't have the big

442
00:23:06,400 --> 00:23:11,840
infrastructure you need for electricity

443
00:23:08,799 --> 00:23:13,919
transmission, you can't really flood

444
00:23:11,840 --> 00:23:16,080
that area with a thousand megawws.

445
00:23:13,919 --> 00:23:18,799
Electric ladies couldn't accommodate

446
00:23:16,080 --> 00:23:21,760
that. But maybe they could accommodate a

447
00:23:18,799 --> 00:23:24,400
few tens or a few hundreds megawatts. So

448
00:23:21,760 --> 00:23:26,400
there are ways that small reactors can

449
00:23:24,400 --> 00:23:28,320
meet needs the big reactors really

450
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:31,919
can't.

451
00:23:28,320 --> 00:23:35,039
The military, for example, the army in

452
00:23:31,919 --> 00:23:38,240
particular is working to develop a micro

453
00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:43,520
reactor, just a few megawws

454
00:23:38,240 --> 00:23:46,799
for remote deployment. Well, things like

455
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:49,600
military bases in Alaska, for example,

456
00:23:46,799 --> 00:23:51,280
where now they basically burn diesel.

457
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:54,480
They have huge generators. They burn

458
00:23:51,280 --> 00:23:56,640
diesel fuel. Um when they uh we send

459
00:23:54,480 --> 00:24:00,000
troops overseas, especially when we were

460
00:23:56,640 --> 00:24:02,159
in the Middle East, they took along

461
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:05,039
their diesel generators and the huge

462
00:24:02,159 --> 00:24:07,280
tanks of diesel fuel really inefficient

463
00:24:05,039 --> 00:24:09,840
and and vulnerable. So they're looking

464
00:24:07,280 --> 00:24:13,919
for can we get a little reactor that is

465
00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:16,400
mobile and we can take it with us.

466
00:24:13,919 --> 00:24:19,520
And then as a community would grow,

467
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:22,159
let's say a small village type area, as

468
00:24:19,520 --> 00:24:25,360
their demand increases, you just add

469
00:24:22,159 --> 00:24:28,159
another unit. That's the modular aspect.

470
00:24:25,360 --> 00:24:30,080
You deploy one and when you need it, you

471
00:24:28,159 --> 00:24:31,760
deploy a second one and they all use the

472
00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:35,120
same infrastructure and have the same

473
00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:37,679
design manufacturer.

474
00:24:35,120 --> 00:24:40,559
Much more efficiency is potentially

475
00:24:37,679 --> 00:24:44,240
available with these designs in one

476
00:24:40,559 --> 00:24:47,120
sense. um efficiency because they can

477
00:24:44,240 --> 00:24:49,520
produce uh gas at a higher temperature

478
00:24:47,120 --> 00:24:52,400
than our current reactors. And if you

479
00:24:49,520 --> 00:24:54,400
ever study ther thermodynamics,

480
00:24:52,400 --> 00:24:56,640
basically the higher the temperature you

481
00:24:54,400 --> 00:25:00,159
can get to, the more use you can get out

482
00:24:56,640 --> 00:25:02,720
of that heat. And also these new designs

483
00:25:00,159 --> 00:25:05,440
are being

484
00:25:02,720 --> 00:25:09,120
made such that they can easily couple

485
00:25:05,440 --> 00:25:11,919
with wind and solar that you know

486
00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:14,640
fluctuate in their availability. Our

487
00:25:11,919 --> 00:25:18,000
current plants they're best operated

488
00:25:14,640 --> 00:25:21,760
full power non-stop for two years. I'm

489
00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:23,919
not kidding. Two years. But that doesn't

490
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:25,919
allow for the fluctuation of wind and

491
00:25:23,919 --> 00:25:27,600
solar. And so the newer designs are

492
00:25:25,919 --> 00:25:30,559
going to be able to accommodate that a

493
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:33,360
little bit better.

494
00:25:30,559 --> 00:25:36,799
Very interestingly, um, one of the

495
00:25:33,360 --> 00:25:38,320
efforts in deploying new reactors in

496
00:25:36,799 --> 00:25:41,039
order to take advantage of that

497
00:25:38,320 --> 00:25:43,919
infrastructure to transmit energy,

498
00:25:41,039 --> 00:25:46,960
they're using sites that were formerly

499
00:25:43,919 --> 00:25:50,240
coal plants. And the first one will be

500
00:25:46,960 --> 00:25:52,159
in Keer, Wyoming, which is neighboring

501
00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:54,400
to Idaho. I've actually driven through

502
00:25:52,159 --> 00:25:58,640
Chem a couple times. They're going to be

503
00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,880
building a plant there. The DOE put out

504
00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:02,880
a guide. If you can see that the map,

505
00:26:00,880 --> 00:26:05,520
the numbers in the map, that's the

506
00:26:02,880 --> 00:26:07,360
number of sites that DOE says, "Yeah,

507
00:26:05,520 --> 00:26:10,880
you could put a nuclear here and

508
00:26:07,360 --> 00:26:14,000
infrastructure is good.

509
00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:16,640
Now what is happening in the reactor now

510
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:18,559
that you have a a view of the landscape

511
00:26:16,640 --> 00:26:20,640
of

512
00:26:18,559 --> 00:26:22,720
the different types of reactors and how

513
00:26:20,640 --> 00:26:25,600
they might be used

514
00:26:22,720 --> 00:26:28,000
instead of burning fossil fuel in which

515
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:30,799
bas basically you're you're taking a

516
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:33,919
carbon atom and reacting it with oxygen

517
00:26:30,799 --> 00:26:36,159
and that releases heat. Well, we're not

518
00:26:33,919 --> 00:26:38,000
burning anything. We're not reacting

519
00:26:36,159 --> 00:26:41,919
anything with oxygen. What we're doing

520
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:46,080
is creating a system in which uranium

521
00:26:41,919 --> 00:26:49,840
235 will absorb a neutron. Uranium 235

522
00:26:46,080 --> 00:26:53,360
loves neutrons. It's a neutron sponge.

523
00:26:49,840 --> 00:26:56,799
In natural uranium, there's uranium 235.

524
00:26:53,360 --> 00:27:00,080
Uranium 238. Those flavors. Those

525
00:26:56,799 --> 00:27:02,400
numbers 235 and 238. That's the number

526
00:27:00,080 --> 00:27:04,159
of particles they have in the nucleus.

527
00:27:02,400 --> 00:27:06,159
So they're very similar. They're only

528
00:27:04,159 --> 00:27:10,240
different by three particles, three

529
00:27:06,159 --> 00:27:13,679
neutrons. But that difference

530
00:27:10,240 --> 00:27:16,640
is huge in terms of how that atom will

531
00:27:13,679 --> 00:27:19,360
behave in a nuclear reactor.

532
00:27:16,640 --> 00:27:21,440
So when it absorbs a neutron, it just

533
00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:24,480
basically splits apart. We call that

534
00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:28,000
fision. When that splitting occurs, a

535
00:27:24,480 --> 00:27:32,640
huge amount of heat energy is released.

536
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:37,520
And by huge I mean 200 million times

537
00:27:32,640 --> 00:27:41,600
more than oxidizing a carbon atom. 200

538
00:27:37,520 --> 00:27:45,000
million times more than you get from

539
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,000
fossil fuel.

540
00:27:45,840 --> 00:27:51,840
This is actually some nuclear fuel with

541
00:27:48,880 --> 00:27:54,159
uranium going into one of the two newest

542
00:27:51,840 --> 00:27:57,919
nuclear power plants we have in the US.

543
00:27:54,159 --> 00:28:01,600
Bogo 3 and Vogel 4. It's hard to get uh

544
00:27:57,919 --> 00:28:04,640
scale here, but this is a fuel assembly

545
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:09,679
going into the reactor vessel. Let me

546
00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:13,120
elaborate on that. So, the fuel

547
00:28:09,679 --> 00:28:15,120
or nuclear power plants is the size of

548
00:28:13,120 --> 00:28:16,960
this little pellet you see on this card

549
00:28:15,120 --> 00:28:18,720
here. And there are some more cards

550
00:28:16,960 --> 00:28:22,159
there if you want to take them home for

551
00:28:18,720 --> 00:28:25,919
show and tell. These are stacked up into

552
00:28:22,159 --> 00:28:29,360
really long tubes as shown here. And

553
00:28:25,919 --> 00:28:31,840
then the tubes are arranged in

554
00:28:29,360 --> 00:28:35,120
um a square type of array. We call them

555
00:28:31,840 --> 00:28:38,399
fuel assemblies. These are about 12 to

556
00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:43,440
14 ft tall. And that's because the

557
00:28:38,399 --> 00:28:46,720
reactor vessels are really tall as well.

558
00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:49,440
I mentioned the 200 million times more.

559
00:28:46,720 --> 00:28:51,679
Here are some examples of what I mean.

560
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,840
So when I'm teaching at the university,

561
00:28:51,679 --> 00:28:55,360
especially my freshman class, freshmen

562
00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:58,080
are so much fun.

563
00:28:55,360 --> 00:28:59,919
I say, "Okay, if you had this weird

564
00:28:58,080 --> 00:29:03,039
habit, I'm sure you have no weird

565
00:28:59,919 --> 00:29:04,799
habits, but if you did and it was you

566
00:29:03,039 --> 00:29:06,720
like to hang out outside of power

567
00:29:04,799 --> 00:29:08,960
plants, I mean, that is a little weird,

568
00:29:06,720 --> 00:29:11,760
right? If they hung out outside of a

569
00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:13,440
coal power plant, they would have a

570
00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:18,159
nonstop

571
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:22,080
train loads of coal coming through 247

572
00:29:18,159 --> 00:29:24,960
because the power density so low

573
00:29:22,080 --> 00:29:27,120
compared to nuclear. That little pellet

574
00:29:24,960 --> 00:29:32,000
on that card

575
00:29:27,120 --> 00:29:36,480
would generate as much energy as 1780

576
00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:42,159
pounds of coal. That's multiple loads of

577
00:29:36,480 --> 00:29:45,520
uh train cars or 150 gallons of oil, 17

578
00:29:42,159 --> 00:29:48,159
million BTUs of natural gas. Now, don't

579
00:29:45,520 --> 00:29:50,480
think I'm anti fossil. I'm not. I love

580
00:29:48,159 --> 00:29:52,640
fossil fuels. They got us to where we

581
00:29:50,480 --> 00:29:55,120
are with our standard of living. They

582
00:29:52,640 --> 00:29:58,240
helped us build this country and there

583
00:29:55,120 --> 00:30:01,919
are great applications for fossil. But I

584
00:29:58,240 --> 00:30:04,000
sort of think of it like well think back

585
00:30:01,919 --> 00:30:07,440
before the industrial revolution where

586
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:10,000
we burned wood or cow dung or pete

587
00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,000
whatever it was. The air was dirty. The

588
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:15,279
water was dirty. Standard of living was

589
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:18,320
not good. People died at 35. Right? When

590
00:30:15,279 --> 00:30:22,000
we discovered fossil fuels it changed

591
00:30:18,320 --> 00:30:26,000
everything. Quality of life improved. um

592
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:29,600
the age of uh expected age dying

593
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:32,480
improved. So my thinking is okay, the

594
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:35,840
next logical step is to even more energy

595
00:30:32,480 --> 00:30:38,960
dense nuclear. We'll go there. We'll get

596
00:30:35,840 --> 00:30:41,919
there. Maybe not in our lifetimes, but

597
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:43,760
it's inevitable because humans are even

598
00:30:41,919 --> 00:30:45,919
though we do stupid stuff once in a

599
00:30:43,760 --> 00:30:50,279
while, overall our species is pretty

600
00:30:45,919 --> 00:30:50,279
clever. We figure things out.

601
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:57,200
So this little mic this little cartoon

602
00:30:54,000 --> 00:31:00,320
is showing you how a typical power plant

603
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:03,760
works. In the US about twothirds of our

604
00:31:00,320 --> 00:31:06,640
power plants are of this design where

605
00:31:03,760 --> 00:31:09,919
the fuel is inside

606
00:31:06,640 --> 00:31:12,000
those long rods I told you about.

607
00:31:09,919 --> 00:31:15,279
Diffusion reaction is taking place.

608
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:18,559
Heat's being produced. Water flows by

609
00:31:15,279 --> 00:31:21,039
that fuel to take the heat away. And in

610
00:31:18,559 --> 00:31:24,480
this case, the heat is transferred for

611
00:31:21,039 --> 00:31:27,600
to a secondary water system where this

612
00:31:24,480 --> 00:31:29,840
water is allowed to boil. You when it

613
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:31,679
boils, the steam goes to spin the

614
00:31:29,840 --> 00:31:33,520
turbine that spins the generator that

615
00:31:31,679 --> 00:31:36,159
makes electricity. And if you watch see

616
00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:39,600
how it lights up the city is, isn't that

617
00:31:36,159 --> 00:31:41,600
like I said, we're clever.

618
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:43,200
The reason the water doesn't boil in

619
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:46,080
this first loop is because it's

620
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:48,880
pressurized. You ever uh use a pressure

621
00:31:46,080 --> 00:31:51,919
cooker? you know, you clamp that lid on

622
00:31:48,880 --> 00:31:53,919
top, that inhibits the water from

623
00:31:51,919 --> 00:31:56,320
boiling where it usually would. It gets

624
00:31:53,919 --> 00:31:58,320
hotter and hotter. Same idea here. We're

625
00:31:56,320 --> 00:32:00,559
pressurizing the water, so it is not

626
00:31:58,320 --> 00:32:02,640
allowed to boil, but then the secondary

627
00:32:00,559 --> 00:32:06,000
loop is allowed to boil. Now, you could

628
00:32:02,640 --> 00:32:08,640
replace this reactor with a coal burner

629
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:10,799
or a

630
00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,399
natural gas burner. The idea is to make

631
00:32:10,799 --> 00:32:15,200
heat, to make steam, to spin the

632
00:32:12,399 --> 00:32:19,039
turbine.

633
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:22,000
By the way, because we pressurize this

634
00:32:19,039 --> 00:32:25,760
water, the design is very creatively

635
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:28,960
called a pressurized water reactor. Huh?

636
00:32:25,760 --> 00:32:32,080
Isn't that brilliant?

637
00:32:28,960 --> 00:32:35,120
Okay. So, the fuel goes into the reactor

638
00:32:32,080 --> 00:32:38,159
when it's finished giving the energy it

639
00:32:35,120 --> 00:32:41,039
can in about four to six years. Four to

640
00:32:38,159 --> 00:32:43,760
six years fuel spends in there. It comes

641
00:32:41,039 --> 00:32:46,159
out first. It's stored in a pool of

642
00:32:43,760 --> 00:32:47,919
water. So, this is a fuel assembly right

643
00:32:46,159 --> 00:32:51,039
here.

644
00:32:47,919 --> 00:32:52,880
It's in water because there's still heat

645
00:32:51,039 --> 00:32:56,559
coming out of that fuel for a while. So,

646
00:32:52,880 --> 00:32:58,960
the water serves to keep it cool. And

647
00:32:56,559 --> 00:33:02,480
after it cools for a while, it can be

648
00:32:58,960 --> 00:33:05,840
stored outside of water and just having

649
00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:10,240
natural convective cooling. What I mean

650
00:33:05,840 --> 00:33:12,240
by that is okay inside these

651
00:33:10,240 --> 00:33:14,960
containers there are doublewalled

652
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:17,519
containers the fuel's inside and there's

653
00:33:14,960 --> 00:33:20,799
space

654
00:33:17,519 --> 00:33:22,640
between the two containers and if you

655
00:33:20,799 --> 00:33:25,679
look here

656
00:33:22,640 --> 00:33:27,600
this dark area that's a vent. So what

657
00:33:25,679 --> 00:33:30,480
happens is the air between the two

658
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:33,440
canisters gets heated up. It moves you

659
00:33:30,480 --> 00:33:35,360
know hot air rises. So the air rises out

660
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:37,600
comes out the top vent and as that

661
00:33:35,360 --> 00:33:40,080
happen cool air is sucked in just

662
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:42,880
natural flow and it's sufficient. Uh

663
00:33:40,080 --> 00:33:45,600
most power plants have that at this

664
00:33:42,880 --> 00:33:48,640
point because the pools I mentioned were

665
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:51,039
never meant to hold 40 or 50 or 60 years

666
00:33:48,640 --> 00:33:53,600
of fuel. The federal government was

667
00:33:51,039 --> 00:33:56,640
supposed to have taken ownership of the

668
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:59,360
fuel in 1998.

669
00:33:56,640 --> 00:34:00,880
Hasn't happened yet. Meanwhile, the

670
00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:02,320
plants have to figure out if they're

671
00:34:00,880 --> 00:34:04,880
going to keep operating, what to do with

672
00:34:02,320 --> 00:34:08,159
the fuel.

673
00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:11,520
Here's one example. This is main Yankee

674
00:34:08,159 --> 00:34:14,159
nuclear power plant in Maine. There used

675
00:34:11,520 --> 00:34:17,359
to be a reactor on this site. There's no

676
00:34:14,159 --> 00:34:19,440
reactor anymore. All that's left is used

677
00:34:17,359 --> 00:34:22,639
fuel waiting for the federal government

678
00:34:19,440 --> 00:34:26,560
to take ownership.

679
00:34:22,639 --> 00:34:29,839
Across the country, we have about 90,000

680
00:34:26,560 --> 00:34:32,399
metric tons. And that increases every

681
00:34:29,839 --> 00:34:36,480
year as new fuel needs to go in, old

682
00:34:32,399 --> 00:34:38,159
fuel comes out. I'll give you an idea of

683
00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:39,599
how much that is because I always

684
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:41,599
struggle with numbers of trying to

685
00:34:39,599 --> 00:34:45,839
envision, well, is that big? Is that

686
00:34:41,599 --> 00:34:49,520
small? If you took all 90,000 metric

687
00:34:45,839 --> 00:34:52,399
tons of used fuel that we've accumulated

688
00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:55,119
from day one of the nuclear industry in

689
00:34:52,399 --> 00:34:59,280
the US and you stacked it on a football

690
00:34:55,119 --> 00:35:01,040
field, it would only be 12 yards high.

691
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:03,440
And if you compare that to any other

692
00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:06,000
type of power production,

693
00:35:03,440 --> 00:35:08,160
we're talking not football fields, maybe

694
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:10,400
airplane hangers, maybe many airplane

695
00:35:08,160 --> 00:35:12,079
hangers.

696
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:14,480
But again, the federal government

697
00:35:12,079 --> 00:35:17,920
obligation to collect the fuel has come

698
00:35:14,480 --> 00:35:20,400
and gone. Haven't uh they spent a lot of

699
00:35:17,920 --> 00:35:22,400
our tax dollars in the process of

700
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:24,880
supposedly preparing to take ownership,

701
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:27,760
but that hasn't happened either. I

702
00:35:24,880 --> 00:35:31,520
worked with a guy who was a real

703
00:35:27,760 --> 00:35:34,800
jokester and he used to say, "You know

704
00:35:31,520 --> 00:35:37,119
what really burns my butt? Flames this

705
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:40,240
high." And I said, 'Well, what really

706
00:35:37,119 --> 00:35:42,400
burns my backside is this situation

707
00:35:40,240 --> 00:35:46,280
because our tax dollars are being used

708
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:46,280
and nothing is happening.

709
00:35:47,920 --> 00:35:52,720
And remember, you're all practical

710
00:35:50,480 --> 00:35:54,640
enough to know that no matter how you

711
00:35:52,720 --> 00:35:57,040
produce electricity, there will be

712
00:35:54,640 --> 00:35:58,960
waste. It's just simply not possible to

713
00:35:57,040 --> 00:36:03,040
do it otherwise

714
00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:05,760
in a magic world, maybe. So I want you

715
00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:09,440
to look at the numbers not the numbers

716
00:36:05,760 --> 00:36:12,720
themselves but to compare them. So if we

717
00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:15,440
talk about producing a hundred sorry a

718
00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:19,200
thousand megawatts of electricity that

719
00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:22,160
were on the same playing field. Wind

720
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:23,760
we're talking 36,000 tons of used

721
00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:25,839
blades.

722
00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:28,480
And that's making a very generous

723
00:36:25,839 --> 00:36:31,680
assumption that all the other components

724
00:36:28,480 --> 00:36:35,839
are recycled. They're not, but we're

725
00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:39,200
being nice. Coal, 62,000

726
00:36:35,839 --> 00:36:40,960
tons of SO2, and that's what goes to

727
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:46,000
make acid rain. I'm sure you've heard of

728
00:36:40,960 --> 00:36:48,960
that. And 1,000 tons of fly ash. nuclear

729
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:53,359
20 not 20,000

730
00:36:48,960 --> 00:36:55,520
20 tons of spent fuel 175 tons of

731
00:36:53,359 --> 00:36:58,560
depleted uranium which we'll talk about

732
00:36:55,520 --> 00:37:01,839
in a minute of 500 cubic meters of

733
00:36:58,560 --> 00:37:04,640
low-level waste solar again we're in the

734
00:37:01,839 --> 00:37:07,040
tens of thousands of tons of used panels

735
00:37:04,640 --> 00:37:11,119
and one of the things about solar that

736
00:37:07,040 --> 00:37:13,920
is a problem is they use metals that are

737
00:37:11,119 --> 00:37:16,480
uh heavy metals that are toxic to people

738
00:37:13,920 --> 00:37:18,880
and when they get rained on, those

739
00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:22,079
metals get into the rainwater, get into

740
00:37:18,880 --> 00:37:25,599
the soil, and so they're they're

741
00:37:22,079 --> 00:37:27,599
creating a toxic environment.

742
00:37:25,599 --> 00:37:30,160
Those numbers in the parenthesis,

743
00:37:27,599 --> 00:37:33,359
capacity factors, that's the percent of

744
00:37:30,160 --> 00:37:36,720
time that they're actually operating. So

745
00:37:33,359 --> 00:37:40,160
nuclear in this country is phenomenal.

746
00:37:36,720 --> 00:37:44,079
93% of the time they are operating

747
00:37:40,160 --> 00:37:46,960
compared to wind that's 32, solar, 23.

748
00:37:44,079 --> 00:37:49,680
Coal it can operate at a higher than 57

749
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:52,920
but typically they're load following so

750
00:37:49,680 --> 00:37:52,920
they vary.

751
00:37:54,880 --> 00:38:01,359
I mentioned used fuel what the fuel is.

752
00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:04,000
So basically I said oh okay um we have

753
00:38:01,359 --> 00:38:05,839
this neat fuel those little pellets goes

754
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,640
into the reactor then it goes into a

755
00:38:05,839 --> 00:38:11,680
pool. Some of it is going into dry cask

756
00:38:08,640 --> 00:38:14,960
interim storage. But in the US, policy

757
00:38:11,680 --> 00:38:17,839
is like many countries that that used

758
00:38:14,960 --> 00:38:19,359
fuel will go into a deep geological

759
00:38:17,839 --> 00:38:22,720
repository.

760
00:38:19,359 --> 00:38:24,480
We don't have that um for our fuel at

761
00:38:22,720 --> 00:38:27,440
this point.

762
00:38:24,480 --> 00:38:30,320
And we refer to all of this as the back

763
00:38:27,440 --> 00:38:32,480
end of the fuel cycle. The front end of

764
00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:36,800
the fuel cycle is like any mineral. You

765
00:38:32,480 --> 00:38:40,720
have to mine it and process it. um and

766
00:38:36,800 --> 00:38:44,079
we have to enrich which means naturally

767
00:38:40,720 --> 00:38:46,160
U238 comprises

768
00:38:44,079 --> 00:38:52,000
over 90%

769
00:38:46,160 --> 00:38:55,599
of all actually over 99% of natural

770
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:59,200
uranium less than 1% is 235 but we want

771
00:38:55,599 --> 00:39:02,960
the 235 right so we have this really

772
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:06,320
clever process where we convert the

773
00:39:02,960 --> 00:39:08,320
natural form of uranium into a gas,

774
00:39:06,320 --> 00:39:11,599
uranium hexaflloride.

775
00:39:08,320 --> 00:39:13,680
Then we put it into centrifuges.

776
00:39:11,599 --> 00:39:17,280
Everybody's been on a margo round as a

777
00:39:13,680 --> 00:39:19,440
kid, right? And you spin the margo round

778
00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:22,079
and you hang on to the edge and you feel

779
00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:24,079
that force pulling you back. Now, if

780
00:39:22,079 --> 00:39:27,119
you're the skinny kid, you're going to

781
00:39:24,079 --> 00:39:29,599
feel less force pulling you back than

782
00:39:27,119 --> 00:39:31,839
the really big kid. He's going to feel a

783
00:39:29,599 --> 00:39:33,440
lot more force. Same thing in that

784
00:39:31,839 --> 00:39:37,440
centrifuge.

785
00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:40,880
The uranium 235 is the skinny kid.

786
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:42,880
Uranium 238 is the big kid. The big

787
00:39:40,880 --> 00:39:46,000
kid's going to accumulate around the

788
00:39:42,880 --> 00:39:49,200
walls of that centrifuge and they can

789
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:52,240
suck out the 235 from the middle, send

790
00:39:49,200 --> 00:39:54,160
it to the next centrifuge and repeat. So

791
00:39:52,240 --> 00:39:56,160
eventually we get a higher percentage of

792
00:39:54,160 --> 00:39:59,200
U235.

793
00:39:56,160 --> 00:40:01,839
That is the front end of the fuel cycle.

794
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:04,400
The actual chemical form of these

795
00:40:01,839 --> 00:40:06,240
pellets is uranium dioxide. So we have

796
00:40:04,400 --> 00:40:09,720
to convert it a few times in terms of

797
00:40:06,240 --> 00:40:09,720
chemical form.

798
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:20,920
I get too excited and carried away.

799
00:40:16,320 --> 00:40:20,920
Where is the Here we go. Let's try this.

800
00:40:21,280 --> 00:40:27,040
Now I don't know if you caught back here

801
00:40:24,800 --> 00:40:30,800
this term recycling.

802
00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:34,240
In the US, we just have this kind of U

803
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:36,320
shape. There's nothing in this box in

804
00:40:34,240 --> 00:40:39,359
the US. In some countries, they have

805
00:40:36,320 --> 00:40:42,160
stuff in that box. France, for example,

806
00:40:39,359 --> 00:40:44,079
uh Russia, Japan, to some extent, they

807
00:40:42,160 --> 00:40:47,119
will take the fuel and instead of just

808
00:40:44,079 --> 00:40:51,400
calling it waste, they will recycle it

809
00:40:47,119 --> 00:40:51,400
back into the fuel cycle.

810
00:40:52,880 --> 00:41:01,440
And there are some reasons to recycle.

811
00:40:57,119 --> 00:41:05,520
Because 96% of what we call used fuel

812
00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:07,440
and waste is actually reusable.

813
00:41:05,520 --> 00:41:10,160
And when we do that chemical

814
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:13,280
reprocessing, we reduce the volume of

815
00:41:10,160 --> 00:41:16,560
waste significantly.

816
00:41:13,280 --> 00:41:20,480
10% in France of their electricity is

817
00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:23,520
using this recycled fuel. Why don't we?

818
00:41:20,480 --> 00:41:26,400
It's largely policy. Why we don't? And

819
00:41:23,520 --> 00:41:29,040
we can go into more detail there, but

820
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:32,560
the reason France does recycle is

821
00:41:29,040 --> 00:41:34,160
policy. The reason we don't is largely

822
00:41:32,560 --> 00:41:36,720
policy, but also a little bit of

823
00:41:34,160 --> 00:41:38,880
economics.

824
00:41:36,720 --> 00:41:42,319
And with that, I want there to be plenty

825
00:41:38,880 --> 00:41:45,280
of time to have Q&A.

826
00:41:42,319 --> 00:41:48,560
And as I'm going back to the university

827
00:41:45,280 --> 00:41:50,960
tomorrow to grade final exams,

828
00:41:48,560 --> 00:41:52,960
um you can contact Andrew Smith,

829
00:41:50,960 --> 00:41:56,079
American Nuclear Society with follow-up

830
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:58,079
questions. Also, my business card is

831
00:41:56,079 --> 00:42:01,440
over there on the side table, and I I

832
00:41:58,079 --> 00:42:05,720
welcome any followup if you'd like to.

833
00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:05,720
What questions have you got?

834
00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:11,720
» No, he is.

835
00:42:14,480 --> 00:42:20,000
Yeah, not a lobby as he's staff member

836
00:42:16,319 --> 00:42:23,160
of American Nuclear Society.

837
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:23,160
» Is that

838
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:30,720
» They just closed on about 1,800 acres

839
00:42:28,720 --> 00:42:31,920
for

840
00:42:30,720 --> 00:42:33,440
data sets?

841
00:42:31,920 --> 00:42:35,040
» Yes.

842
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:36,960
» I didn't realize it was that recently.

843
00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:39,760
He's talking about Suspena nuclear power

844
00:42:36,960 --> 00:42:44,000
plant has an agreement with Microsoft.

845
00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:47,599
So they are planning um to power I just

846
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:50,079
read about this um Andrew it was in the

847
00:42:47,599 --> 00:42:53,040
news brief I think this week that

848
00:42:50,079 --> 00:42:55,680
there's some agreement between

849
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:57,680
um EJM

850
00:42:55,680 --> 00:43:01,040
and

851
00:42:57,680 --> 00:43:04,000
Tuscuana and Microsoft because Microsoft

852
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:06,720
wanted to build a reactor and have first

853
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:08,720
first use of the electricity and PJM

854
00:43:06,720 --> 00:43:12,640
said nuhuh so they had come up with some

855
00:43:08,720 --> 00:43:13,200
agreement I'm not what it is.

856
00:43:12,640 --> 00:43:17,400
» Yes.

857
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:17,400
» This is all nice and

858
00:43:20,960 --> 00:43:25,839
what what's the vision? What do you what

859
00:43:23,359 --> 00:43:29,079
do we expect

860
00:43:25,839 --> 00:43:29,079
our future

861
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:40,480
who are the right people that we need to

862
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:43,760
engage? Make sure that we're safe and

863
00:43:40,480 --> 00:43:45,119
that we aren't being charged amount for

864
00:43:43,760 --> 00:43:48,000
our

865
00:43:45,119 --> 00:43:51,040
» All great questions. In terms of the the

866
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:54,079
vision for Potter County, that's out of

867
00:43:51,040 --> 00:43:56,640
my jurisdiction. So, I'll rely on one of

868
00:43:54,079 --> 00:43:59,920
the commissioners to address that. But

869
00:43:56,640 --> 00:44:01,920
in the other uh questions that you had

870
00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:04,480
um

871
00:44:01,920 --> 00:44:06,400
the

872
00:44:04,480 --> 00:44:08,640
company that is planning to build the

873
00:44:06,400 --> 00:44:10,640
nuclear power plant will have works with

874
00:44:08,640 --> 00:44:13,359
the nuclear regulatory commission that's

875
00:44:10,640 --> 00:44:16,480
the regulatory authority to get the

876
00:44:13,359 --> 00:44:19,040
appropriately l appropriate licenses to

877
00:44:16,480 --> 00:44:21,760
build and operate. Along the line of

878
00:44:19,040 --> 00:44:23,839
that process there are many many

879
00:44:21,760 --> 00:44:26,400
opportunities for public engagement. So

880
00:44:23,839 --> 00:44:31,920
you can learn about what's happening um

881
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:34,560
offer um comment and so on.

882
00:44:31,920 --> 00:44:37,359
I have had the uh pleasure of visiting a

883
00:44:34,560 --> 00:44:40,160
number of nuclear power plants in the US

884
00:44:37,359 --> 00:44:42,000
and without exception what I have found

885
00:44:40,160 --> 00:44:45,280
is that the communities in which they

886
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:47,040
are located love their neighbors. They

887
00:44:45,280 --> 00:44:49,280
they increase and improve the

888
00:44:47,040 --> 00:44:51,440
infrastructure. They provide good paying

889
00:44:49,280 --> 00:44:53,200
jobs. the people who work there are

890
00:44:51,440 --> 00:44:58,079
generally healthier than the people who

891
00:44:53,200 --> 00:45:00,720
work at other industries. Um, so I

892
00:44:58,079 --> 00:45:02,720
totally understand your fears. Are you a

893
00:45:00,720 --> 00:45:06,480
mom?

894
00:45:02,720 --> 00:45:08,640
» Okay. A double mom. I am a mom. When I

895
00:45:06,480 --> 00:45:12,240
was pregnant with my children, I still

896
00:45:08,640 --> 00:45:14,400
went to work every day. Um, if I thought

897
00:45:12,240 --> 00:45:16,400
that my job working with nuclear

898
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:18,960
materials was going to harm my child, I

899
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:22,000
would not have done that. It is really

900
00:45:18,960 --> 00:45:26,119
very quite safe.

901
00:45:22,000 --> 00:45:26,119
I don't disagree that

902
00:45:26,319 --> 00:45:35,040
I think that as we as data centers have

903
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:40,000
moved across the country uh across the

904
00:45:35,040 --> 00:45:44,400
country it's it's taken um what we pay

905
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:46,480
for our power it has doubled and tripled

906
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:48,079
and I don't I don't care what kind of

907
00:45:46,480 --> 00:45:51,359
kind neighbor that is.

908
00:45:48,079 --> 00:45:53,520
» Yeah. if we're paying more that there is

909
00:45:51,359 --> 00:45:55,760
no benefit. And and

910
00:45:53,520 --> 00:45:58,240
» Yeah, I can't disagree with that. And

911
00:45:55,760 --> 00:46:00,640
and that's outside of what I can tell

912
00:45:58,240 --> 00:46:02,800
you about nuclear technology. That's one

913
00:46:00,640 --> 00:46:06,480
of those things that you would go to a

914
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:10,880
public meeting and say if we don't have

915
00:46:06,480 --> 00:46:12,560
to pay more, yes, we want this.

916
00:46:10,880 --> 00:46:14,640
» Oh, good.

917
00:46:12,560 --> 00:46:16,480
» Please go ahead. Uh the last couple of

918
00:46:14,640 --> 00:46:19,200
years in a row, I've noticed maps of

919
00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:21,119
Potter County being colored red, meaning

920
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,880
that we're in a drought area compared to

921
00:46:21,119 --> 00:46:24,319
the rest of the state. Uh could you

922
00:46:22,880 --> 00:46:25,599
address the amount of water that is

923
00:46:24,319 --> 00:46:26,640
needed for these various types of

924
00:46:25,599 --> 00:46:27,839
facilities?

925
00:46:26,640 --> 00:46:30,720
» That's great.

926
00:46:27,839 --> 00:46:32,560
» Sorry, that's a great

927
00:46:30,720 --> 00:46:35,200
um

928
00:46:32,560 --> 00:46:37,760
they do take a lot of water. Like like

929
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:40,240
any kind of power plant, the coal and

930
00:46:37,760 --> 00:46:43,200
oil plants need water as well for those

931
00:46:40,240 --> 00:46:46,560
loops to make the steam. Um, there's no

932
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:49,440
question that water will be used.

933
00:46:46,560 --> 00:46:52,240
Nuclear does a pretty good job of

934
00:46:49,440 --> 00:46:54,720
reusing water.

935
00:46:52,240 --> 00:46:56,480
I cannot give you numbers, but it is a

936
00:46:54,720 --> 00:46:59,280
legitimate concern and it would be

937
00:46:56,480 --> 00:47:01,280
something addressed during the planning

938
00:46:59,280 --> 00:47:03,280
and licensing phases because they would

939
00:47:01,280 --> 00:47:06,480
have to say, well, here is where we

940
00:47:03,280 --> 00:47:08,640
would get the cooling water. Um, here is

941
00:47:06,480 --> 00:47:11,359
what the possible envir environmental

942
00:47:08,640 --> 00:47:13,359
impacts might be. But a very good

943
00:47:11,359 --> 00:47:14,480
question.

944
00:47:13,359 --> 00:47:17,480
Yes.

945
00:47:14,480 --> 00:47:17,480
» Yes.

946
00:47:19,920 --> 00:47:26,480
» That are being recommended

947
00:47:22,079 --> 00:47:27,839
uh for this uh possible facilities.

948
00:47:26,480 --> 00:47:29,839
» Commissioner,

949
00:47:27,839 --> 00:47:31,599
» The there are none. This is just an

950
00:47:29,839 --> 00:47:33,200
educational session that's all because

951
00:47:31,599 --> 00:47:35,359
we want to be proactive and not

952
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:38,599
reactive. So So something like this were

953
00:47:35,359 --> 00:47:38,599
to come up

954
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,560
So to answer your question, do you have

955
00:47:42,160 --> 00:47:43,680
anything?

956
00:47:42,560 --> 00:47:44,240
» Okay. Well, that's good to know.

957
00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:47,480
» Yep.

958
00:47:44,240 --> 00:47:47,480
» Thank you.

959
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:54,160
» Well, the joke in the nuclear industry

960
00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:57,760
is that 50 years ago it was 50 years

961
00:47:54,160 --> 00:47:59,440
away and it's still 50 years away. Now,

962
00:47:57,760 --> 00:48:03,040
having said that, a little bit tongue

963
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:04,960
and cheek, um we're getting closer. Um

964
00:48:03,040 --> 00:48:07,680
the thing with fusion, well think about

965
00:48:04,960 --> 00:48:10,720
fusion is instead of splitting an atom,

966
00:48:07,680 --> 00:48:14,319
you're fusing atoms together. This is

967
00:48:10,720 --> 00:48:16,800
what happens in the sun in stars. Now

968
00:48:14,319 --> 00:48:20,000
put your minds to okay, let's create a

969
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:22,000
star on Earth and contain it. Like get

970
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:24,480
back to me on that. Right? That's the

971
00:48:22,000 --> 00:48:27,119
challenge that they've been facing.

972
00:48:24,480 --> 00:48:30,319
trying to create the environment and

973
00:48:27,119 --> 00:48:33,760
contain it um with the materials and

974
00:48:30,319 --> 00:48:36,079
technology we have. But just in the last

975
00:48:33,760 --> 00:48:38,400
several years, there was a real

976
00:48:36,079 --> 00:48:41,440
significant breakthrough. Up until that

977
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:43,839
point, they actually put more energy

978
00:48:41,440 --> 00:48:46,240
into go causing fusion than actually

979
00:48:43,839 --> 00:48:49,280
came out, but they actually got to break

980
00:48:46,240 --> 00:48:52,960
even where they put in an amount, the

981
00:48:49,280 --> 00:48:56,000
same amount came back. But that means we

982
00:48:52,960 --> 00:48:58,800
okay we're still decades away from like

983
00:48:56,000 --> 00:49:03,880
applying that for power production

984
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:03,880
scientifically. It's exciting. Yeah.

985
00:49:06,480 --> 00:49:11,440
And I'll be here uh until the meeting's

986
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:15,240
over. So I'm happy to talk with you

987
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:15,240
oneonone if you like.

988
00:49:19,280 --> 00:49:25,680
» Oh, sorry. Um, what is the downside of

989
00:49:23,280 --> 00:49:29,040
these modular type units? You're talking

990
00:49:25,680 --> 00:49:32,160
about it's cleaner, you know, energy.

991
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:36,000
Um, but bad things do happen. You know,

992
00:49:32,160 --> 00:49:39,200
what are the, you know, negatives?

993
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:41,920
I'd say practically speaking,

994
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:44,079
initially, a negative is we don't

995
00:49:41,920 --> 00:49:46,559
currently have the infrastructure to

996
00:49:44,079 --> 00:49:49,920
manufacture these. That has to be part

997
00:49:46,559 --> 00:49:53,440
of what we build up. We know how to

998
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:56,000
build the big ones. Uh we just got two

999
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:58,319
online in in Georgia over the past five

1000
00:49:56,000 --> 00:50:01,119
years. So developing that infrastructure

1001
00:49:58,319 --> 00:50:04,160
is I'd say one of the biggest downsides.

1002
00:50:01,119 --> 00:50:06,000
When we get up to what we say is nth of

1003
00:50:04,160 --> 00:50:09,760
a kind. Like we've done it for a while

1004
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:12,720
then we'll be good. In terms of safety,

1005
00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:14,559
um they're really much safer. They're

1006
00:50:12,720 --> 00:50:17,200
going to be expensive because they're

1007
00:50:14,559 --> 00:50:18,640
new, right? because when you build

1008
00:50:17,200 --> 00:50:20,880
anything for the first time, it's going

1009
00:50:18,640 --> 00:50:23,760
to be expensive. Um, but eventually the

1010
00:50:20,880 --> 00:50:25,680
idea is because they're going to be more

1011
00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:30,240
or less mass- prodduced, if you will, or

1012
00:50:25,680 --> 00:50:32,480
or in uh factory produced, the cost will

1013
00:50:30,240 --> 00:50:34,559
go down with time. So, another con I

1014
00:50:32,480 --> 00:50:37,839
would say is they're going to be pricey

1015
00:50:34,559 --> 00:50:41,559
at first. There's and we know that.

1016
00:50:37,839 --> 00:50:41,559
Yeah. from the back.

1017
00:50:46,480 --> 00:50:52,640
» You said that um France and Russia

1018
00:50:50,880 --> 00:50:53,680
recycles their waste.

1019
00:50:52,640 --> 00:50:56,400
» Yes.

1020
00:50:53,680 --> 00:50:58,720
» You you you're very knowledgeable on the

1021
00:50:56,400 --> 00:50:59,119
subject of nuclear power.

1022
00:50:58,720 --> 00:51:01,920
» Yes.

1023
00:50:59,119 --> 00:51:04,960
» In a nutshell, can you tell us how they

1024
00:51:01,920 --> 00:51:10,440
do that and why we don't do it here?

1025
00:51:04,960 --> 00:51:10,440
» Okay, great question. So,

1026
00:51:11,520 --> 00:51:16,400
let me think how to say it without

1027
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:18,480
getting too technical.

1028
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:21,760
So, basically, the fuel comes out. It's

1029
00:51:18,480 --> 00:51:24,240
still the ceramic in those long tubes.

1030
00:51:21,760 --> 00:51:27,599
They cut them open. They dissolve the

1031
00:51:24,240 --> 00:51:30,880
fuel and acid. And then they chemically

1032
00:51:27,599 --> 00:51:33,359
separate out uranium and plutonium.

1033
00:51:30,880 --> 00:51:36,640
And they put the plutonium, mix it with

1034
00:51:33,359 --> 00:51:39,040
new uranium to make what we call mixed

1035
00:51:36,640 --> 00:51:41,839
oxide fuel. Instead of uranium oxide,

1036
00:51:39,040 --> 00:51:44,160
it's mixed uranium plutonium oxide. Then

1037
00:51:41,839 --> 00:51:47,200
they make new pellets, put it back in

1038
00:51:44,160 --> 00:51:50,079
for one more loop.

1039
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:52,720
That is uh limited recycle because they

1040
00:51:50,079 --> 00:51:58,160
can only do that one time. And after

1041
00:51:52,720 --> 00:51:59,599
that, um, the isotopics, the the nuclei,

1042
00:51:58,160 --> 00:52:02,880
uh, get to the point where they're not

1043
00:51:59,599 --> 00:52:06,160
going to fision as well anymore.

1044
00:52:02,880 --> 00:52:09,480
So, oh, that's 45 minutes.

1045
00:52:06,160 --> 00:52:09,480
Excuse me.

1046
00:52:12,079 --> 00:52:16,800
It is done in France.

1047
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:19,680
Let me back up.

1048
00:52:16,800 --> 00:52:23,119
The US is the only country that has a

1049
00:52:19,680 --> 00:52:24,960
sort of private nuclear industry. I say

1050
00:52:23,119 --> 00:52:27,599
sort of because it is so heavily

1051
00:52:24,960 --> 00:52:30,559
regulated that

1052
00:52:27,599 --> 00:52:33,839
um it's practically governmentr run but

1053
00:52:30,559 --> 00:52:37,040
all other countries it is the government

1054
00:52:33,839 --> 00:52:41,480
that runs the nuclear industry.

1055
00:52:37,040 --> 00:52:41,480
It what was that?

1056
00:52:41,760 --> 00:52:46,720
Well,

1057
00:52:43,280 --> 00:52:48,480
that's debatable. Um

1058
00:52:46,720 --> 00:52:52,559
you and I can sit down later and arm

1059
00:52:48,480 --> 00:52:56,640
wrestle. Anyway, the

1060
00:52:52,559 --> 00:52:59,040
in France policy is and this was largely

1061
00:52:56,640 --> 00:53:02,000
um the policy decision as a result of

1062
00:52:59,040 --> 00:53:06,880
the oil crisis in the 70s.

1063
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:09,839
Um they said we do not want to be at um

1064
00:53:06,880 --> 00:53:12,160
the mercy of these other countries with

1065
00:53:09,839 --> 00:53:14,960
the resources. We don't have resources.

1066
00:53:12,160 --> 00:53:16,400
So they said, "We're going nuclear." And

1067
00:53:14,960 --> 00:53:18,559
government said, "We're going to have

1068
00:53:16,400 --> 00:53:20,160
this kind of reactor and we're going to

1069
00:53:18,559 --> 00:53:23,119
reprocess

1070
00:53:20,160 --> 00:53:26,240
here's tax dollars to make it happen."

1071
00:53:23,119 --> 00:53:27,599
And that's been that way to this day.

1072
00:53:26,240 --> 00:53:29,599
Pretty much the same thing with the

1073
00:53:27,599 --> 00:53:35,200
other countries, Russia, Japan. It's

1074
00:53:29,599 --> 00:53:37,040
policy decision. In the US, we

1075
00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:40,240
started in the early days of the

1076
00:53:37,040 --> 00:53:43,440
industry to reprocess. The thing that I

1077
00:53:40,240 --> 00:53:45,280
didn't mention here is like I said, I

1078
00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:47,520
don't want to go so technical that you

1079
00:53:45,280 --> 00:53:49,359
all fall asleep. That is not the

1080
00:53:47,520 --> 00:53:52,839
objective.

1081
00:53:49,359 --> 00:53:52,839
Okay, hold on.

1082
00:53:53,200 --> 00:53:57,920
I had one of my freshmen this year after

1083
00:53:55,440 --> 00:54:00,240
the intro to nuclear class I taught them

1084
00:53:57,920 --> 00:54:04,480
came to me after class and said, "Do you

1085
00:54:00,240 --> 00:54:06,400
teach other courses, too?"

1086
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:09,359
» But but I didn't put them to sleep. I

1087
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:12,640
made sure they didn't go to sleep.

1088
00:54:09,359 --> 00:54:14,960
Okay. So, here's what I didn't elaborate

1089
00:54:12,640 --> 00:54:17,040
on.

1090
00:54:14,960 --> 00:54:20,160
If we recycle

1091
00:54:17,040 --> 00:54:22,160
and we use that 96% of the material I

1092
00:54:20,160 --> 00:54:24,319
said was reusable,

1093
00:54:22,160 --> 00:54:26,880
we have to have a different kind of

1094
00:54:24,319 --> 00:54:28,880
reactor to put that fuel back into. We

1095
00:54:26,880 --> 00:54:33,280
can't use the type of reactors we have

1096
00:54:28,880 --> 00:54:36,240
now. So, the idea is we take I'm call

1097
00:54:33,280 --> 00:54:37,760
them thermal reactors. Bear with me. Um,

1098
00:54:36,240 --> 00:54:39,599
all of our reactors are thermal

1099
00:54:37,760 --> 00:54:42,720
reactors.

1100
00:54:39,599 --> 00:54:45,280
We would need a different style reactor

1101
00:54:42,720 --> 00:54:49,920
to make full use of all the material you

1102
00:54:45,280 --> 00:54:54,960
recycle out. We don't have one. Um, and

1103
00:54:49,920 --> 00:54:57,359
the technology isn't as advanced.

1104
00:54:54,960 --> 00:54:59,119
So, in early days, we thought we're

1105
00:54:57,359 --> 00:55:00,800
going to have to go with that advanced

1106
00:54:59,119 --> 00:55:02,640
reactor design. We call it a fast

1107
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:04,960
reactor

1108
00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:06,559
because we thought uranium resources are

1109
00:55:04,960 --> 00:55:08,079
limited. So, we're going to have to

1110
00:55:06,559 --> 00:55:10,880
recycle. We're going to have to put it

1111
00:55:08,079 --> 00:55:14,240
back into a fast reactor. Well, like so

1112
00:55:10,880 --> 00:55:16,720
many um minerals

1113
00:55:14,240 --> 00:55:19,200
and other natural resources, the more

1114
00:55:16,720 --> 00:55:21,520
you look, the more you find. So, we

1115
00:55:19,200 --> 00:55:23,280
thought uranium was rare. It's so not

1116
00:55:21,520 --> 00:55:26,319
rare. I mean, there's some in the dirt

1117
00:55:23,280 --> 00:55:28,160
in your backyard. I kid you not. So we

1118
00:55:26,319 --> 00:55:31,040
kept finding more and more and then we

1119
00:55:28,160 --> 00:55:33,280
realized, oh, we don't really need to

1120
00:55:31,040 --> 00:55:35,839
recycle.

1121
00:55:33,280 --> 00:55:39,680
Meanwhile, the first reactors were

1122
00:55:35,839 --> 00:55:42,160
actually built for the US Navy for subs

1123
00:55:39,680 --> 00:55:44,960
because we're in the Cold War, right,

1124
00:55:42,160 --> 00:55:46,960
after World War II. And subs were

1125
00:55:44,960 --> 00:55:50,000
supposed to be stealth, but they were

1126
00:55:46,960 --> 00:55:52,160
using diesel fuel.

1127
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:54,240
I mean, how stealth is that, right? And

1128
00:55:52,160 --> 00:55:56,720
so they said, "We need to be stealth."

1129
00:55:54,240 --> 00:55:59,599
So they designed a nuclear reactor that

1130
00:55:56,720 --> 00:56:02,480
can stay underwater forever. And then

1131
00:55:59,599 --> 00:56:04,400
what happened was okay, Admiral Rickover

1132
00:56:02,480 --> 00:56:06,079
was the person who led that project.

1133
00:56:04,400 --> 00:56:07,920
Admiral Rickover and his guys, they

1134
00:56:06,079 --> 00:56:09,680
designed this cool reactor design. Let's

1135
00:56:07,920 --> 00:56:11,520
take that design, just make it bigger

1136
00:56:09,680 --> 00:56:12,799
for our nuclear power plants. Yeah,

1137
00:56:11,520 --> 00:56:15,040
eventually we'll go with faster

1138
00:56:12,799 --> 00:56:17,920
reactors. But we never did because we

1139
00:56:15,040 --> 00:56:21,799
kept finding more uranium. Did that kind

1140
00:56:17,920 --> 00:56:21,799
of answer your question?

1141
00:56:22,640 --> 00:56:25,599
» Yeah.

1142
00:56:28,079 --> 00:56:31,079
Yes.

1143
00:56:32,559 --> 00:56:38,079
» Yes.

1144
00:56:34,240 --> 00:56:38,720
» And is it the rich that's in the That's

1145
00:56:38,079 --> 00:56:40,000
in the

1146
00:56:38,720 --> 00:56:40,400
» In the middle.

1147
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:41,599
» Yes.

1148
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,200
» And suck that out.

1149
00:56:41,599 --> 00:56:45,119
» Yeah. They suck that out and then they

1150
00:56:43,200 --> 00:56:46,240
send it to the next centrifuge in the

1151
00:56:45,119 --> 00:56:47,680
next

1152
00:56:46,240 --> 00:56:49,359
» Get more and more.

1153
00:56:47,680 --> 00:56:53,119
» Exactly.

1154
00:56:49,359 --> 00:56:55,200
Exactly. And how how do you know

1155
00:56:53,119 --> 00:56:57,200
what is

1156
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:59,280
» You know there are calculations you do

1157
00:56:57,200 --> 00:57:01,760
you take my nuclear fuel cycle course

1158
00:56:59,280 --> 00:57:04,760
and you learn how to do those.

1159
00:57:01,760 --> 00:57:04,760
» Okay.

1160
00:57:04,799 --> 00:57:10,000
» Yeah.

1161
00:57:07,040 --> 00:57:10,000
» Go ahead Barney.

1162
00:57:12,880 --> 00:57:17,680
the um power plants that I'm familiar

1163
00:57:15,280 --> 00:57:19,040
with are on large bodies of water and I

1164
00:57:17,680 --> 00:57:21,839
just wonder what's the difference in

1165
00:57:19,040 --> 00:57:23,280
consumption for the new one versus what

1166
00:57:21,839 --> 00:57:27,040
we have now.

1167
00:57:23,280 --> 00:57:30,880
» Great question. Some of the designs will

1168
00:57:27,040 --> 00:57:34,000
use water, some will not. Um, some of

1169
00:57:30,880 --> 00:57:38,960
them are gas cooled,

1170
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:41,520
some are molten salt cooled, and some

1171
00:57:38,960 --> 00:57:43,760
will use water. It really varies. But

1172
00:57:41,520 --> 00:57:46,640
you're right, big power plants because

1173
00:57:43,760 --> 00:57:51,520
of that cycle that I showed you use good

1174
00:57:46,640 --> 00:57:53,520
bit of water. And so it's not a um,

1175
00:57:51,520 --> 00:57:55,200
what's the word? coincidence that

1176
00:57:53,520 --> 00:58:00,799
they're always going to be by a body of

1177
00:57:55,200 --> 00:58:03,280
water with one exception in Arizona. Um,

1178
00:58:00,799 --> 00:58:05,599
Palo Varity nuclear power plant is out

1179
00:58:03,280 --> 00:58:08,000
in the middle of the freaking desert. I

1180
00:58:05,599 --> 00:58:12,240
kid you not. I mean, it's nowhere, man.

1181
00:58:08,000 --> 00:58:14,960
I've been there. And they use recycled

1182
00:58:12,240 --> 00:58:17,599
water from the city of Phoenix. They

1183
00:58:14,960 --> 00:58:20,079
recycle the sewage water and use it to

1184
00:58:17,599 --> 00:58:22,559
cool their planet, which I think is it's

1185
00:58:20,079 --> 00:58:26,960
a wonderful idea.

1186
00:58:22,559 --> 00:58:29,839
Yeah, go ahead.

1187
00:58:26,960 --> 00:58:32,960
» The the I'm here because I like to talk

1188
00:58:29,839 --> 00:58:34,559
about nuclear and

1189
00:58:32,960 --> 00:58:36,880
» So

1190
00:58:34,559 --> 00:58:40,640
I'm a member of the American Nuclear

1191
00:58:36,880 --> 00:58:43,520
Society and it was through the American

1192
00:58:40,640 --> 00:58:46,960
Nuclear Society and County Commissioners

1193
00:58:43,520 --> 00:58:46,960
that I'm here.

1194
00:58:50,640 --> 00:58:54,000
I love nuclear.

1195
00:58:52,880 --> 00:58:57,599
» That's the motivation.

1196
00:58:54,000 --> 00:58:59,119
» The motive is to be prepared in case

1197
00:58:57,599 --> 00:59:01,599
something comes in, especially with

1198
00:58:59,119 --> 00:59:03,440
these data centers in here. She talks

1199
00:59:01,599 --> 00:59:05,760
about these micro plants. We want to be

1200
00:59:03,440 --> 00:59:09,640
prepared for what what's coming. So,

1201
00:59:05,760 --> 00:59:09,640
this is what this is about.

1202
00:59:10,480 --> 00:59:17,599
If you were to prioritize

1203
00:59:14,240 --> 00:59:21,280
American Nuclear Society's objectives

1204
00:59:17,599 --> 00:59:23,200
and put that in place for the future of

1205
00:59:21,280 --> 00:59:25,440
a relationship between American Nuclear

1206
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:28,880
Society and Potter County,

1207
00:59:25,440 --> 00:59:31,119
» Does that look like a reactor and energy

1208
00:59:28,880 --> 00:59:33,119
generation or does that look like

1209
00:59:31,119 --> 00:59:35,520
storage?

1210
00:59:33,119 --> 00:59:39,599
» So, the American Nuclear Society doesn't

1211
00:59:35,520 --> 00:59:39,599
build or operate anything.

1212
00:59:39,760 --> 00:59:44,799
relationship with a nuclear presence in

1213
00:59:42,880 --> 00:59:47,119
Potter County look like? Does that look

1214
00:59:44,799 --> 00:59:50,119
like Potter County is building energy

1215
00:59:47,119 --> 00:59:50,119
facility?

1216
01:00:05,680 --> 01:00:09,599
» Sorry. Um, Andrew Smith, director of

1217
01:00:08,079 --> 01:00:12,960
communications.

1218
01:00:09,599 --> 01:00:15,839
Tracy. Oh, great. Nice to meet you. Uh,

1219
01:00:12,960 --> 01:00:17,440
so we're we're not industry, we're not

1220
01:00:15,839 --> 01:00:20,079
government, there's no project that

1221
01:00:17,440 --> 01:00:22,960
we're aware of, anything like that. And

1222
01:00:20,079 --> 01:00:25,520
and and

1223
01:00:22,960 --> 01:00:28,319
to to address your question on that uh

1224
01:00:25,520 --> 01:00:30,799
while American Nuclear Society while we

1225
01:00:28,319 --> 01:00:33,920
do provide technical scientific uh you

1226
01:00:30,799 --> 01:00:37,280
know expertise uh for communities for

1227
01:00:33,920 --> 01:00:38,880
state tribal uh federal officials we

1228
01:00:37,280 --> 01:00:42,079
don't really address necessarily like on

1229
01:00:38,880 --> 01:00:44,319
the economic side of thing. the the main

1230
01:00:42,079 --> 01:00:47,040
relationship which my colleague Eucha

1231
01:00:44,319 --> 01:00:49,599
here will be addressing next in his uh

1232
01:00:47,040 --> 01:00:52,799
uh presentation is mostly focused when

1233
01:00:49,599 --> 01:00:56,160
it comes to communities on education and

1234
01:00:52,799 --> 01:00:58,319
workforce development and but but I want

1235
01:00:56,160 --> 01:01:00,400
to get back to so I I want to make sure

1236
01:00:58,319 --> 01:01:03,040
I understand your question about you're

1237
01:01:00,400 --> 01:01:04,799
asking about if there is a project what

1238
01:01:03,040 --> 01:01:07,440
role American nuclear society would play

1239
01:01:04,799 --> 01:01:09,599
when it comes to

1240
01:01:07,440 --> 01:01:11,440
» If we were to eliminate American nuclear

1241
01:01:09,599 --> 01:01:11,839
society from the equation.

1242
01:01:11,440 --> 01:01:13,920
» Okay.

1243
01:01:11,839 --> 01:01:16,720
» What does the future of a nuclear

1244
01:01:13,920 --> 01:01:19,680
project look like in Powder County?

1245
01:01:16,720 --> 01:01:22,640
Energy power generation or nuclear

1246
01:01:19,680 --> 01:01:25,119
interim storage?

1247
01:01:22,640 --> 01:01:29,760
» That would that would be up to a

1248
01:01:25,119 --> 01:01:32,960
community uh the state um that that is

1249
01:01:29,760 --> 01:01:35,760
something that uh community the state

1250
01:01:32,960 --> 01:01:38,480
the market industry would would have to

1251
01:01:35,760 --> 01:01:40,240
sort out.

1252
01:01:38,480 --> 01:01:43,240
Sorry for misunderstanding saying a

1253
01:01:40,240 --> 01:01:43,240
question.

1254
01:01:46,400 --> 01:01:48,319
» Make it green.

1255
01:01:47,440 --> 01:01:50,720
» I did push it.

1256
01:01:48,319 --> 01:01:52,799
» Go green. There you go.

1257
01:01:50,720 --> 01:01:54,480
» Anyway, I can't hear very well, so I

1258
01:01:52,799 --> 01:01:56,720
could have missed a lot,

1259
01:01:54,480 --> 01:01:59,760
» But I'm concerned about the water that

1260
01:01:56,720 --> 01:02:01,359
you use when you release it. I assume if

1261
01:01:59,760 --> 01:02:03,119
you're taking it out of a stream, it's

1262
01:02:01,359 --> 01:02:04,720
going to go back in the stream. So,

1263
01:02:03,119 --> 01:02:06,799
you're going to change the temperature

1264
01:02:04,720 --> 01:02:10,079
of the water. You're going to kill the

1265
01:02:06,799 --> 01:02:12,400
wildlife. that's there or to replace it

1266
01:02:10,079 --> 01:02:12,880
with something else. I assume that's

1267
01:02:12,400 --> 01:02:13,280
what

1268
01:02:12,880 --> 01:02:15,040
» Okay.

1269
01:02:13,280 --> 01:02:19,599
» Okay. So, I'm true on that, right?

1270
01:02:15,040 --> 01:02:22,319
» Yeah. So current power

1271
01:02:19,599 --> 01:02:24,319
plants, nuclear power plants, with one

1272
01:02:22,319 --> 01:02:27,920
exception, like I said in Arizona,

1273
01:02:24,319 --> 01:02:32,400
they're all by bodies of water and they

1274
01:02:27,920 --> 01:02:36,559
um have all been permitted, licensed to

1275
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:39,280
operate the way they do in some cases uh

1276
01:02:36,559 --> 01:02:41,599
locally increasing temperature of of a

1277
01:02:39,280 --> 01:02:45,200
river or the ocean,

1278
01:02:41,599 --> 01:02:47,680
but uh always permitted

1279
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:49,599
given the environmental situations which

1280
01:02:47,680 --> 01:02:51,920
are all considered in the application

1281
01:02:49,599 --> 01:02:55,520
for operation. I'll tell you a story

1282
01:02:51,920 --> 01:02:59,359
that I love. I have been to St. Lucy

1283
01:02:55,520 --> 01:03:03,359
nuclear power plant in Florida and it's

1284
01:02:59,359 --> 01:03:05,599
right on the Atlantic coast. It takes

1285
01:03:03,359 --> 01:03:09,359
cooling water from the ocean and it

1286
01:03:05,599 --> 01:03:12,319
sends back in. But all power plants make

1287
01:03:09,359 --> 01:03:14,000
an effort to not put the water directly

1288
01:03:12,319 --> 01:03:17,039
back in because of the temperature

1289
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:19,119
difference. And so they dug this series

1290
01:03:17,039 --> 01:03:21,200
of canals

1291
01:03:19,119 --> 01:03:23,920
so that by the time the water actually

1292
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:27,039
goes into the ocean, it's it's

1293
01:03:23,920 --> 01:03:29,359
temperate. But the thing is there are

1294
01:03:27,039 --> 01:03:32,960
sea turtles. You know the really big

1295
01:03:29,359 --> 01:03:35,599
like 300 pound turtles. They love warm

1296
01:03:32,960 --> 01:03:37,760
water. So they find their way into the

1297
01:03:35,599 --> 01:03:41,599
canals and they like hang out in there

1298
01:03:37,760 --> 01:03:43,680
like a turtle day spa. And so every day

1299
01:03:41,599 --> 01:03:46,960
one of the guys who works there who is

1300
01:03:43,680 --> 01:03:49,359
out in a rowboat and takes a turtles

1301
01:03:46,960 --> 01:03:51,839
funk into his rowboat and has to take

1302
01:03:49,359 --> 01:03:53,760
him back out to the ocean. He does this

1303
01:03:51,839 --> 01:03:56,160
every day because they've created a

1304
01:03:53,760 --> 01:03:57,920
turtle day spa.

1305
01:03:56,160 --> 01:04:00,880
I'm not trying to make light of your

1306
01:03:57,920 --> 01:04:03,119
question. They all use water and that is

1307
01:04:00,880 --> 01:04:04,720
part of the planning and how they're

1308
01:04:03,119 --> 01:04:06,559
licensed.

1309
01:04:04,720 --> 01:04:07,280
» I've seen that. I know what you're

1310
01:04:06,559 --> 01:04:07,920
talking about.

1311
01:04:07,280 --> 01:04:10,400
» You've seen it.

1312
01:04:07,920 --> 01:04:12,480
» What I'm concerned about is like we have

1313
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:15,119
a trout fisheries. You're going to

1314
01:04:12,480 --> 01:04:16,319
destroy that. I just want the people to

1315
01:04:15,119 --> 01:04:19,200
know that.

1316
01:04:16,319 --> 01:04:21,920
» The other question has to do with your

1317
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:25,039
mining, milling, and conversion. Yes.

1318
01:04:21,920 --> 01:04:27,920
And what waste we have there. What we're

1319
01:04:25,039 --> 01:04:30,559
destroying to get it. We're destroying

1320
01:04:27,920 --> 01:04:33,359
something that's growing on that earth

1321
01:04:30,559 --> 01:04:35,920
and until they get it back and replace

1322
01:04:33,359 --> 01:04:37,599
it with something else, we've lost that.

1323
01:04:35,920 --> 01:04:40,319
We'll never get that back.

1324
01:04:37,599 --> 01:04:43,599
» I just want people to know that. I'm not

1325
01:04:40,319 --> 01:04:45,920
opposed to nuclear energy. I just want

1326
01:04:43,599 --> 01:04:46,640
people to know that there's expenses to

1327
01:04:45,920 --> 01:04:48,559
all this.

1328
01:04:46,640 --> 01:04:50,799
» There is. And that's why I'm saying you

1329
01:04:48,559 --> 01:04:55,760
have to look across the entire life

1330
01:04:50,799 --> 01:04:59,039
cycle of a plant. the mining for um the

1331
01:04:55,760 --> 01:05:01,200
minerals for solar panels is much more

1332
01:04:59,039 --> 01:05:03,280
destructive than the mining for uranium

1333
01:05:01,200 --> 01:05:07,760
because of that energy density thing I

1334
01:05:03,280 --> 01:05:10,559
mentioned. So yes, um there is mining

1335
01:05:07,760 --> 01:05:13,520
involved for uranium, but we need to

1336
01:05:10,559 --> 01:05:16,400
mine much less than you need to dig up

1337
01:05:13,520 --> 01:05:18,640
coal, for example. There's no free

1338
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:22,240
launch, right? But you can improve

1339
01:05:18,640 --> 01:05:25,280
practices. In the US and around the

1340
01:05:22,240 --> 01:05:27,760
world, um they're doing a lot of what's

1341
01:05:25,280 --> 01:05:30,480
called insitue leeching where they don't

1342
01:05:27,760 --> 01:05:34,480
have to dig at all. They just drill like

1343
01:05:30,480 --> 01:05:36,799
a water well drill and they inject a

1344
01:05:34,480 --> 01:05:39,839
solution that dissolves the uranium and

1345
01:05:36,799 --> 01:05:41,440
they suck it back out and you can't even

1346
01:05:39,839 --> 01:05:46,960
tell on the surface there's a mine

1347
01:05:41,440 --> 01:05:49,200
there. So, like I said, um we are a

1348
01:05:46,960 --> 01:05:51,440
clever species. Even though we do dumb

1349
01:05:49,200 --> 01:05:53,119
things, we're going to figure it out.

1350
01:05:51,440 --> 01:05:55,760
We've already figured a lot of it out,

1351
01:05:53,119 --> 01:05:59,039
but I agree with everything you said.

1352
01:05:55,760 --> 01:06:01,920
Uh, yes. I'm a retired teacher from St.

1353
01:05:59,039 --> 01:06:05,599
Lucy County, Florida, and I live in that

1354
01:06:01,920 --> 01:06:08,880
area, and I've been by that power plant.

1355
01:06:05,599 --> 01:06:12,400
The seagrasses are completely gone. The

1356
01:06:08,880 --> 01:06:16,079
sea trout are completely gone. I would

1357
01:06:12,400 --> 01:06:18,720
go fishing and catch 30, 40 sea trout.

1358
01:06:16,079 --> 01:06:23,200
You're lucky to catch one or two. The

1359
01:06:18,720 --> 01:06:26,400
manitude population has decreased.

1360
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:30,160
and I live and I used to fish in that

1361
01:06:26,400 --> 01:06:33,760
area by that power plant. And just to

1362
01:06:30,160 --> 01:06:37,280
let you know that uh there's been a real

1363
01:06:33,760 --> 01:06:41,039
change in nature like this gentleman was

1364
01:06:37,280 --> 01:06:44,480
concerned about the fish population and

1365
01:06:41,039 --> 01:06:46,880
it could affect people that eat those

1366
01:06:44,480 --> 01:06:50,640
fish. I don't eat fish down there

1367
01:06:46,880 --> 01:06:53,119
anymore. Uh, I live very close to that

1368
01:06:50,640 --> 01:06:55,760
plant and I wouldn't eat any out of

1369
01:06:53,119 --> 01:06:56,799
there. I just want to let you know.

1370
01:06:55,760 --> 01:06:59,440
» Yeah. Well, I appreciate

1371
01:06:56,799 --> 01:07:02,880
» Your local population. I'm visiting up

1372
01:06:59,440 --> 01:07:06,559
here. I'm fly fishing up here. I just

1373
01:07:02,880 --> 01:07:08,960
got up here uh a few days ago and I'm

1374
01:07:06,559 --> 01:07:10,799
glad that I attended uh this meeting

1375
01:07:08,960 --> 01:07:12,640
today. Thank you.

1376
01:07:10,799 --> 01:07:15,680
» Thanks for your comments. It would be

1377
01:07:12,640 --> 01:07:18,400
interesting to learn why the population

1378
01:07:15,680 --> 01:07:22,240
changed.

1379
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:25,520
Oh, thank you. Uh, on May the 6th of

1380
01:07:22,240 --> 01:07:28,319
this year, UGI Energy Services and Prime

1381
01:07:25,520 --> 01:07:30,240
Data Centers announced a strategic

1382
01:07:28,319 --> 01:07:33,119
partnership to develop one of

1383
01:07:30,240 --> 01:07:35,760
Pennsylvania's largest AI and hypers

1384
01:07:33,119 --> 01:07:38,160
scale data centers in the northern tier,

1385
01:07:35,760 --> 01:07:40,000
one of the three counties up north. I

1386
01:07:38,160 --> 01:07:42,319
understand that they're planning to use

1387
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:46,240
natural gas at least initially that then

1388
01:07:42,319 --> 01:07:47,680
later transition to nucle nuclear. I

1389
01:07:46,240 --> 01:07:50,319
wondered if the commissioners could uh

1390
01:07:47,680 --> 01:07:52,640
comment on that.

1391
01:07:50,319 --> 01:07:54,240
» I'll definitely toss that all to the

1392
01:07:52,640 --> 01:07:55,839
commissioners.

1393
01:07:54,240 --> 01:07:57,520
» Uh

1394
01:07:55,839 --> 01:07:59,760
we found out about it the same time you

1395
01:07:57,520 --> 01:08:02,079
did. They didn't reach out to us and as

1396
01:07:59,760 --> 01:08:04,160
far as I know, planning director Hunt

1397
01:08:02,079 --> 01:08:07,160
has not heard anything from either of

1398
01:08:04,160 --> 01:08:07,160
them.

1399
01:08:09,920 --> 01:08:13,839
» Thank you. I don't want to get way out

1400
01:08:11,680 --> 01:08:15,280
ahead of our skis here. The question

1401
01:08:13,839 --> 01:08:17,920
was, you know, how did you guys get

1402
01:08:15,280 --> 01:08:19,199
here? Well, we're going to ask you to

1403
01:08:17,920 --> 01:08:22,319
come to Bradford County. You've been

1404
01:08:19,199 --> 01:08:24,640
down in McMullen County, Texas. Um, our

1405
01:08:22,319 --> 01:08:27,120
organization has no paid. Our director,

1406
01:08:24,640 --> 01:08:29,839
Jeff, you know, Jeff, he does this all

1407
01:08:27,120 --> 01:08:33,120
for the love of energy. We're all below

1408
01:08:29,839 --> 01:08:36,640
gas, coal, you know, nuclear, wind,

1409
01:08:33,120 --> 01:08:38,960
solar, but there is no proposed plants.

1410
01:08:36,640 --> 01:08:40,480
We're here tonight just to get educated,

1411
01:08:38,960 --> 01:08:42,640
you know, because there's so much talk

1412
01:08:40,480 --> 01:08:45,120
in the world, like for example, the

1413
01:08:42,640 --> 01:08:47,279
difference between using nuclear for

1414
01:08:45,120 --> 01:08:49,600
gener electric power generation and

1415
01:08:47,279 --> 01:08:50,960
making a bomb. What's the difference? I

1416
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:52,960
mean, there's I mean, it needs to be

1417
01:08:50,960 --> 01:08:55,440
cleared up. There's so much talk about

1418
01:08:52,960 --> 01:08:59,359
because we've had two uh developments

1419
01:08:55,440 --> 01:09:02,239
with or AI and data centers to go to

1420
01:08:59,359 --> 01:09:03,679
market now um that they've done all the

1421
01:09:02,239 --> 01:09:06,319
putting the properties together and all

1422
01:09:03,679 --> 01:09:08,159
that in Bradford County. But why does

1423
01:09:06,319 --> 01:09:10,400
data centers come here is because of the

1424
01:09:08,159 --> 01:09:13,279
natural gas because we have a large

1425
01:09:10,400 --> 01:09:15,440
electricity um over there that we can

1426
01:09:13,279 --> 01:09:17,279
put up and a lot of the problems with

1427
01:09:15,440 --> 01:09:19,199
our electric rates going up. And I'm not

1428
01:09:17,279 --> 01:09:20,880
defending the electric companies, but

1429
01:09:19,199 --> 01:09:22,960
it's because they just put up new

1430
01:09:20,880 --> 01:09:24,640
infrastructure for our grid and are

1431
01:09:22,960 --> 01:09:27,199
charging us for it and people

1432
01:09:24,640 --> 01:09:29,679
automatically think it's data centers.

1433
01:09:27,199 --> 01:09:31,359
So, I mean, this is a terrific uh

1434
01:09:29,679 --> 01:09:34,159
education. That's all we're here for

1435
01:09:31,359 --> 01:09:36,880
tonight. Um, I commend Commissioner

1436
01:09:34,159 --> 01:09:38,719
Rossman for having you guys here. We

1437
01:09:36,880 --> 01:09:41,040
want to get you over there. I know that

1438
01:09:38,719 --> 01:09:43,040
Jeff has traveled with you guys. We

1439
01:09:41,040 --> 01:09:45,839
learn stuff everywhere we go. I haven't

1440
01:09:43,040 --> 01:09:48,000
I want to get down to Judge Teal. He's a

1441
01:09:45,839 --> 01:09:49,359
terrific guy and to go to that one. I

1442
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:52,960
couldn't get there. I think you did one

1443
01:09:49,359 --> 01:09:55,840
over maybe in Alabama, maybe

1444
01:09:52,960 --> 01:09:57,679
» Mississippi. Yeah. So, this is this is

1445
01:09:55,840 --> 01:09:59,199
John just all educational. There's none

1446
01:09:57,679 --> 01:10:00,480
coming to Bradford County. There's

1447
01:09:59,199 --> 01:10:02,159
nothing proposed. And one of the

1448
01:10:00,480 --> 01:10:03,600
questions just to I mean from the

1449
01:10:02,159 --> 01:10:05,520
beginning of looking for a site the

1450
01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:07,199
completion of the plant with the

1451
01:10:05,520 --> 01:10:11,560
permitting and everything how long are

1452
01:10:07,199 --> 01:10:11,560
you how long are you talking?

1453
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:20,159
» I'd say probably 20 years from just the

1454
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:22,640
idea to going through the entire design

1455
01:10:20,159 --> 01:10:24,480
and licensing process construction.

1456
01:10:22,640 --> 01:10:25,280
Yeah. It's not going to happen overnight

1457
01:10:24,480 --> 01:10:27,040
to be sure.

1458
01:10:25,280 --> 01:10:28,400
» Yeah. And I just appreciate it. But I

1459
01:10:27,040 --> 01:10:30,719
didn't want us to get out ahead of our

1460
01:10:28,400 --> 01:10:32,880
skis. And you folks leave here tonight

1461
01:10:30,719 --> 01:10:34,239
think power plant coming. There isn't.

1462
01:10:32,880 --> 01:10:36,000
This is education. We're going to have

1463
01:10:34,239 --> 01:10:37,520
Nebrask County. We're going to invite

1464
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:40,000
commissioners from the other side of the

1465
01:10:37,520 --> 01:10:42,480
state to come. There's so much talk with

1466
01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:44,960
the small reactors to go with data

1467
01:10:42,480 --> 01:10:47,440
centers to bombs to, you know, they're

1468
01:10:44,960 --> 01:10:50,080
going to allow Iran or rich for energy

1469
01:10:47,440 --> 01:10:51,840
or what we all need to learn. And I

1470
01:10:50,080 --> 01:10:53,360
appreciate you guys traveling here

1471
01:10:51,840 --> 01:10:54,880
because I sure learned too. But just

1472
01:10:53,360 --> 01:10:58,880
don't want to get ahead of our out over

1473
01:10:54,880 --> 01:11:01,520
our skis. That's all. and and uh

1474
01:10:58,880 --> 01:11:03,280
yes uh we're going to move on to the

1475
01:11:01,520 --> 01:11:04,880
next phase real quick and thank you so

1476
01:11:03,280 --> 01:11:06,239
much for your comments on that. We've

1477
01:11:04,880 --> 01:11:07,760
been traveling the country for the past

1478
01:11:06,239 --> 01:11:10,480
couple years engaging with communities

1479
01:11:07,760 --> 01:11:13,679
that are dealing with energy uh you know

1480
01:11:10,480 --> 01:11:18,159
opportunities and challenges uh you know

1481
01:11:13,679 --> 01:11:20,480
oh you can't hear me okay weird

1482
01:11:18,159 --> 01:11:22,080
» Yeah so uh we we've been traveling the

1483
01:11:20,480 --> 01:11:24,159
country for the past couple years

1484
01:11:22,080 --> 01:11:26,239
engaging with communities uh including

1485
01:11:24,159 --> 01:11:29,440
those of the America's Rural Energy

1486
01:11:26,239 --> 01:11:30,880
Coalition uh and uh communities are

1487
01:11:29,440 --> 01:11:33,360
dealing with similar challenges and

1488
01:11:30,880 --> 01:11:35,040
opportunities across the country um so

1489
01:11:33,360 --> 01:11:37,760
this is just strictly you know,

1490
01:11:35,040 --> 01:11:38,880
educational uh and and and nothing more.

1491
01:11:37,760 --> 01:11:40,719
We're not government, we're not

1492
01:11:38,880 --> 01:11:43,040
industry, we're not tied to anything. We

1493
01:11:40,719 --> 01:11:45,040
keep our independence from both of them,

1494
01:11:43,040 --> 01:11:47,679
and we often disagree with the nuclear

1495
01:11:45,040 --> 01:11:51,280
industry on things because we represent

1496
01:11:47,679 --> 01:11:54,719
a workforce uh and teachers and so on.

1497
01:11:51,280 --> 01:11:56,400
Uh we're we're going to take uh uh like

1498
01:11:54,719 --> 01:11:59,679
10-minute break, but during that time

1499
01:11:56,400 --> 01:12:01,440
period, uh feel free uh uh to pick up

1500
01:11:59,679 --> 01:12:03,920
some uh fact sheets that we have over

1501
01:12:01,440 --> 01:12:06,560
here of stuff. Uh bandanas and pellet

1502
01:12:03,920 --> 01:12:08,400
cards. Uh and also we have a video to

1503
01:12:06,560 --> 01:12:11,520
play. It's five minute video. It's uh

1504
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:15,199
pretty entertaining. Uh we worked with a

1505
01:12:11,520 --> 01:12:19,360
Simpsons uh writer co-producer uh on

1506
01:12:15,199 --> 01:12:23,600
this. Uh and then we'll reconvene uh

1507
01:12:19,360 --> 01:12:27,360
like uh 6 uh 25 to hear from my

1508
01:12:23,600 --> 01:12:29,120
colleague Jenna on K12 educational and

1509
01:12:27,360 --> 01:12:32,480
workforce professional development

1510
01:12:29,120 --> 01:12:34,480
opportunities that ANS has uh you know

1511
01:12:32,480 --> 01:12:39,719
to offer for schools, for your community

1512
01:12:34,480 --> 01:12:39,719
colleges, for individuals. Thank you.

1513
01:22:42,080 --> 01:22:46,560
All right, folks.

1514
01:22:44,480 --> 01:22:51,360
We're going to go ahead and move into

1515
01:22:46,560 --> 01:22:54,800
the next portion of today's event.

1516
01:22:51,360 --> 01:22:57,800
So, grab your last bites, last bathroom

1517
01:22:54,800 --> 01:22:57,800
breaks.

1518
01:23:00,320 --> 01:23:04,719
All right, we're going to go ahead and

1519
01:23:02,320 --> 01:23:08,159
get started here.

1520
01:23:04,719 --> 01:23:10,639
So, my name is Uchenna Azbe. I'm also at

1521
01:23:08,159 --> 01:23:13,360
the American Nuclear Society. I'm the

1522
01:23:10,639 --> 01:23:16,960
senior manager of STEM programs. So, my

1523
01:23:13,360 --> 01:23:20,159
whole job focuses on K12 education and

1524
01:23:16,960 --> 01:23:22,800
partially workforce development. Uh we

1525
01:23:20,159 --> 01:23:25,199
have a suite of K12 programs which I'll

1526
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:27,600
introduce and talk a little bit about.

1527
01:23:25,199 --> 01:23:30,560
Um, and then after my presentation, we

1528
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:32,560
actually have a demo of nuclear energy.

1529
01:23:30,560 --> 01:23:34,400
Uh, I've got a radioactive source over

1530
01:23:32,560 --> 01:23:36,480
here, which is very safe. You don't have

1531
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:38,880
to worry. It's, this is a demo that I do

1532
01:23:36,480 --> 01:23:41,280
with elementary and middle school kids.

1533
01:23:38,880 --> 01:23:44,159
Um, but you'll be able to see radiation

1534
01:23:41,280 --> 01:23:46,719
with your naked eyes. So stay tuned for

1535
01:23:44,159 --> 01:23:48,960
that.

1536
01:23:46,719 --> 01:23:52,480
So before I start, we just want to go

1537
01:23:48,960 --> 01:23:54,320
over the goals of ANS's STEM programs.

1538
01:23:52,480 --> 01:23:56,880
And actually before I even do that, and

1539
01:23:54,320 --> 01:23:59,679
I love the questions that were coming in

1540
01:23:56,880 --> 01:24:01,440
uh after Marylu's presentation, and I'll

1541
01:23:59,679 --> 01:24:03,679
tell you all what I tell students when I

1542
01:24:01,440 --> 01:24:06,000
go and talk to them. I'll present some

1543
01:24:03,679 --> 01:24:09,600
information, but I encourage you to go

1544
01:24:06,000 --> 01:24:11,679
and do your own research. Go look up

1545
01:24:09,600 --> 01:24:13,920
sources about nuclear energy and nuclear

1546
01:24:11,679 --> 01:24:15,440
science. Look at what communities that

1547
01:24:13,920 --> 01:24:16,800
have had nuclear come into their

1548
01:24:15,440 --> 01:24:19,520
community. What have what they've said

1549
01:24:16,800 --> 01:24:24,000
about it. Look up the pros and the cons,

1550
01:24:19,520 --> 01:24:26,320
the major uh reasons why people have uh

1551
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:28,239
hesitations around nuclear and form your

1552
01:24:26,320 --> 01:24:29,760
own opinions because there's a lot of

1553
01:24:28,239 --> 01:24:31,760
research out there. Make sure you're

1554
01:24:29,760 --> 01:24:34,639
looking at the source, right? We want to

1555
01:24:31,760 --> 01:24:36,159
look at unbiased sources. Again, ANS is

1556
01:24:34,639 --> 01:24:38,000
an unbiased source. We're just here to

1557
01:24:36,159 --> 01:24:39,280
present information, but I encourage you

1558
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:42,239
all to go and look up some of these

1559
01:24:39,280 --> 01:24:45,440
things yourself. The goals of my

1560
01:24:42,239 --> 01:24:48,400
programming are three-fold. clarifying

1561
01:24:45,440 --> 01:24:50,480
common misconceptions around nuclear.

1562
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,960
Um, if I go and talk to a class of 20

1563
01:24:50,480 --> 01:24:54,880
students, maybe two or three of them get

1564
01:24:52,960 --> 01:24:57,679
super into nuclear and they want to go

1565
01:24:54,880 --> 01:24:59,360
into the nuclear industry, but all 20 of

1566
01:24:57,679 --> 01:25:02,560
those students are eventually going to

1567
01:24:59,360 --> 01:25:04,480
be members of society making decisions

1568
01:25:02,560 --> 01:25:06,400
about themselves and their families

1569
01:25:04,480 --> 01:25:08,880
voting. So, I want everyone to just have

1570
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:10,880
a fact-based understanding of nuclear

1571
01:25:08,880 --> 01:25:13,360
science, no matter what your

1572
01:25:10,880 --> 01:25:16,560
relationship to it might be.

1573
01:25:13,360 --> 01:25:20,639
Secondly, uh nuclear science is already

1574
01:25:16,560 --> 01:25:22,560
a large part of our science education

1575
01:25:20,639 --> 01:25:24,239
landscape. If you take physics, if you

1576
01:25:22,560 --> 01:25:26,480
take chemistry, you're going to deal

1577
01:25:24,239 --> 01:25:29,199
with a lot of nuclear science. So, we

1578
01:25:26,480 --> 01:25:33,199
want to build and deploy the resources

1579
01:25:29,199 --> 01:25:34,400
that those contexts use. Um, even inside

1580
01:25:33,199 --> 01:25:36,159
of school, I already talked about

1581
01:25:34,400 --> 01:25:39,040
chemistry and physics class, physics

1582
01:25:36,159 --> 01:25:40,960
classes, but there is the Boy Scouts uh

1583
01:25:39,040 --> 01:25:42,639
nuclear science merit badge. There's the

1584
01:25:40,960 --> 01:25:44,159
Girl Scouts getting to know nuclear

1585
01:25:42,639 --> 01:25:46,480
patch and there are all these different

1586
01:25:44,159 --> 01:25:47,840
contexts in and outside of the classroom

1587
01:25:46,480 --> 01:25:50,159
where students are learning about

1588
01:25:47,840 --> 01:25:52,000
nuclear science. So I'll talk about what

1589
01:25:50,159 --> 01:25:53,679
we've built and deployed but our second

1590
01:25:52,000 --> 01:25:55,280
goal is to build and deploy those

1591
01:25:53,679 --> 01:25:57,280
resources for those students that are

1592
01:25:55,280 --> 01:25:59,760
going to go a bit deeper than just a

1593
01:25:57,280 --> 01:26:02,159
short engagement with either myself or a

1594
01:25:59,760 --> 01:26:05,440
nuclear professional. And finally, you

1595
01:26:02,159 --> 01:26:08,480
want to inspire uh students who do get

1596
01:26:05,440 --> 01:26:11,120
really into nuclear science to pursue

1597
01:26:08,480 --> 01:26:14,239
that interest and if they so desire to

1598
01:26:11,120 --> 01:26:15,840
enter the field. Um I you know we didn't

1599
01:26:14,239 --> 01:26:18,480
talk too much about some of the numbers

1600
01:26:15,840 --> 01:26:20,800
but there's a huge workforce gap in

1601
01:26:18,480 --> 01:26:23,440
nuclear. Uh we have a little bit over

1602
01:26:20,800 --> 01:26:27,440
100,000 nuclear professionals right now

1603
01:26:23,440 --> 01:26:30,159
and we'll need over 350,000 by 2050 to

1604
01:26:27,440 --> 01:26:31,760
meet projected demand. So we have a lot

1605
01:26:30,159 --> 01:26:33,840
of roles in nuclear that need to be

1606
01:26:31,760 --> 01:26:35,440
filled. Additionally, a lot of people

1607
01:26:33,840 --> 01:26:38,000
assume, okay, if I want to work in the

1608
01:26:35,440 --> 01:26:41,040
nuclear industry, I need a bachelor or a

1609
01:26:38,000 --> 01:26:43,760
master's degree or a doctorate uh in

1610
01:26:41,040 --> 01:26:45,840
nuclear engineering. And we love our

1611
01:26:43,760 --> 01:26:47,840
folks who come with degrees. The largest

1612
01:26:45,840 --> 01:26:50,239
gaps in the nuclear industry are

1613
01:26:47,840 --> 01:26:53,520
actually at roles at bachelors and

1614
01:26:50,239 --> 01:26:55,920
below. So trades people, we need a

1615
01:26:53,520 --> 01:26:58,239
massive influx of trades persons to come

1616
01:26:55,920 --> 01:26:59,679
into the nuclear industry. uh reactor

1617
01:26:58,239 --> 01:27:01,360
operators. That's one of the biggest

1618
01:26:59,679 --> 01:27:04,400
gaps and those are individuals that just

1619
01:27:01,360 --> 01:27:06,560
get a reactor operating license. Uh it's

1620
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:09,840
come one come all right now as far as

1621
01:27:06,560 --> 01:27:11,520
roles in the nuclear industry.

1622
01:27:09,840 --> 01:27:13,440
Before I get specifically into the

1623
01:27:11,520 --> 01:27:15,120
nuclear science education landscape, I

1624
01:27:13,440 --> 01:27:17,120
want just talk about science learning in

1625
01:27:15,120 --> 01:27:19,600
general. I think it's no surprise to

1626
01:27:17,120 --> 01:27:22,000
folks that science became a lower

1627
01:27:19,600 --> 01:27:25,280
priority all across the country when we

1628
01:27:22,000 --> 01:27:28,800
were in that virtual uh remote learning

1629
01:27:25,280 --> 01:27:30,239
time period in 2020 2021. Uh now that

1630
01:27:28,800 --> 01:27:32,320
we're out of that period and students

1631
01:27:30,239 --> 01:27:34,880
are back in school, science has not been

1632
01:27:32,320 --> 01:27:37,520
seen as a high recovery priority. Even

1633
01:27:34,880 --> 01:27:40,320
before that time period, the United

1634
01:27:37,520 --> 01:27:41,679
States the the science outcomes for

1635
01:27:40,320 --> 01:27:43,679
students in the United States were

1636
01:27:41,679 --> 01:27:47,440
pretty dismal when you look across the

1637
01:27:43,679 --> 01:27:50,400
globe. So we have a lot of gaps as far

1638
01:27:47,440 --> 01:27:52,639
as the level of our science education in

1639
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:54,880
the classroom.

1640
01:27:52,639 --> 01:27:56,800
How do you counteract those trends? You

1641
01:27:54,880 --> 01:27:58,000
have highquality science teachers in the

1642
01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:59,440
classroom, right? If you have high

1643
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:02,480
quality teachers, we can start to make

1644
01:27:59,440 --> 01:28:03,840
up that gap. Unfortunately, when you

1645
01:28:02,480 --> 01:28:05,679
look at the when you look at the

1646
01:28:03,840 --> 01:28:07,840
subjects where nuclear science is most

1647
01:28:05,679 --> 01:28:09,920
commonly addressed, physics and ma

1648
01:28:07,840 --> 01:28:12,960
physics and chemistry, uh you'll notice

1649
01:28:09,920 --> 01:28:15,520
that we have pretty atrocious teacher

1650
01:28:12,960 --> 01:28:17,280
shortages. So, this is not a great

1651
01:28:15,520 --> 01:28:19,679
graph, right? Nothing's labeled. It's

1652
01:28:17,280 --> 01:28:21,600
kind of hard to to kind of parse what's

1653
01:28:19,679 --> 01:28:23,760
on the screen here, but if you look to

1654
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:26,320
the right of physics, which is that

1655
01:28:23,760 --> 01:28:28,400
orange dot, those five gray dots are

1656
01:28:26,320 --> 01:28:31,520
special ed. In this graph are teacher

1657
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:33,440
surpluses and shortages. So, the most

1658
01:28:31,520 --> 01:28:36,000
egregious teacher shortages are in

1659
01:28:33,440 --> 01:28:38,159
special ed, which is a tragedy in and of

1660
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:40,480
itself and is very alarming. If you

1661
01:28:38,159 --> 01:28:42,960
eliminate special ed, the worst teacher

1662
01:28:40,480 --> 01:28:44,480
shortages are in physics. And then only

1663
01:28:42,960 --> 01:28:46,560
a few ticks above that you have

1664
01:28:44,480 --> 01:28:48,480
chemistry. So whether it's nuclear,

1665
01:28:46,560 --> 01:28:51,760
whether it's any subject within the

1666
01:28:48,480 --> 01:28:54,080
physics or chemistry landscape, we have

1667
01:28:51,760 --> 01:28:55,760
very acute teacher shortages. And I

1668
01:28:54,080 --> 01:28:57,520
didn't give my background, but I was a

1669
01:28:55,760 --> 01:28:58,800
science teacher for many years in the

1670
01:28:57,520 --> 01:29:02,960
classroom. I've worked in science

1671
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:04,480
education my entire career. Um, and we

1672
01:29:02,960 --> 01:29:05,920
don't have professionals doing that

1673
01:29:04,480 --> 01:29:08,639
work. There there's there's no way

1674
01:29:05,920 --> 01:29:10,960
there's no way to parse that. It's very

1675
01:29:08,639 --> 01:29:12,880
unfortunate for the teachers that are in

1676
01:29:10,960 --> 01:29:15,440
the classroom. What does quality look

1677
01:29:12,880 --> 01:29:16,960
like? On the right here, you have high

1678
01:29:15,440 --> 01:29:18,719
school classes taught by a teacher with

1679
01:29:16,960 --> 01:29:20,560
a degree in the field. Now, does having

1680
01:29:18,719 --> 01:29:23,199
a degree in the field always mean you're

1681
01:29:20,560 --> 01:29:25,360
a high quality teacher? No. But is there

1682
01:29:23,199 --> 01:29:27,440
a correlation between having a degree in

1683
01:29:25,360 --> 01:29:29,440
the field and being able to teach some

1684
01:29:27,440 --> 01:29:32,719
of the more complex topics in that

1685
01:29:29,440 --> 01:29:34,719
field? Probably. Chemistry and physics

1686
01:29:32,719 --> 01:29:37,440
teachers have the lowest percentages of

1687
01:29:34,719 --> 01:29:39,520
a degree in that field. Right around 40%

1688
01:29:37,440 --> 01:29:42,800
for both of those subjects. That's not

1689
01:29:39,520 --> 01:29:44,400
STEM specific. We have almost 70% of

1690
01:29:42,800 --> 01:29:46,960
math teachers have a degree in the

1691
01:29:44,400 --> 01:29:48,639
field. Over 70% of biology teachers have

1692
01:29:46,960 --> 01:29:50,880
a degree in the field. But when you look

1693
01:29:48,639 --> 01:29:52,560
at physics and chemistry, those teachers

1694
01:29:50,880 --> 01:29:57,679
do not have degrees in the field. And

1695
01:29:52,560 --> 01:29:59,199
very often that leads to a um very often

1696
01:29:57,679 --> 01:30:01,679
when you're dealing with more complex

1697
01:29:59,199 --> 01:30:03,360
topics like nuclear and you don't have a

1698
01:30:01,679 --> 01:30:05,840
degree in the field, it's a lot harder

1699
01:30:03,360 --> 01:30:08,080
to teach that effectively to students.

1700
01:30:05,840 --> 01:30:11,280
And finally, on the right here, we have

1701
01:30:08,080 --> 01:30:14,560
the pipeline of individuals completing

1702
01:30:11,280 --> 01:30:16,560
physics teacher prep programs that's

1703
01:30:14,560 --> 01:30:18,560
been falling. Yes, this graph ends in

1704
01:30:16,560 --> 01:30:20,480
2019, but we can imagine that it doesn't

1705
01:30:18,560 --> 01:30:22,880
just tick up in 2019. It's actually

1706
01:30:20,480 --> 01:30:26,000
continued to fall. We don't have people

1707
01:30:22,880 --> 01:30:28,320
entering the physics teacher profession.

1708
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:30,639
So even if you don't consider nuclear,

1709
01:30:28,320 --> 01:30:34,480
if you just consider science in general,

1710
01:30:30,639 --> 01:30:36,480
the level of the the quality of science

1711
01:30:34,480 --> 01:30:38,960
education in the United States has

1712
01:30:36,480 --> 01:30:40,719
tragically not been very high and it has

1713
01:30:38,960 --> 01:30:42,239
been falling particularly in recent

1714
01:30:40,719 --> 01:30:44,320
years.

1715
01:30:42,239 --> 01:30:46,639
How does ANS try to counteract that?

1716
01:30:44,320 --> 01:30:49,920
Here are the specific programs that that

1717
01:30:46,639 --> 01:30:51,840
I help facilitate. U we have about five

1718
01:30:49,920 --> 01:30:53,840
and a half. I'll get to the half one on

1719
01:30:51,840 --> 01:30:56,159
the next screen. Um, but the first one

1720
01:30:53,840 --> 01:30:57,440
is a curriculum called Navigating. And

1721
01:30:56,159 --> 01:30:59,360
everything that I'm talking about is

1722
01:30:57,440 --> 01:31:00,560
provided free of charge, by the way. We

1723
01:30:59,360 --> 01:31:02,159
don't charge students. We don't charge

1724
01:31:00,560 --> 01:31:03,840
educators. We don't charge anybody to

1725
01:31:02,159 --> 01:31:07,040
consume these resources. They're all

1726
01:31:03,840 --> 01:31:09,040
available for free on ans.org. We have a

1727
01:31:07,040 --> 01:31:10,880
curriculum on nuclear science called

1728
01:31:09,040 --> 01:31:13,440
Navigating Nuclear. It's standards

1729
01:31:10,880 --> 01:31:15,520
align. And in case you you don't know

1730
01:31:13,440 --> 01:31:18,080
what standards align means, um, there

1731
01:31:15,520 --> 01:31:20,960
are bodies of educational standards that

1732
01:31:18,080 --> 01:31:22,719
districts and states have to follow. and

1733
01:31:20,960 --> 01:31:24,560
our curriculum is aligned to that so

1734
01:31:22,719 --> 01:31:26,159
that a teacher can say, "Oh, okay. I

1735
01:31:24,560 --> 01:31:27,520
have this standard coming up for my

1736
01:31:26,159 --> 01:31:30,000
chemistry students or my physics

1737
01:31:27,520 --> 01:31:31,679
students. I can very easily take a

1738
01:31:30,000 --> 01:31:33,840
lesson from navigating nuclear and

1739
01:31:31,679 --> 01:31:36,400
integrate that into my into my

1740
01:31:33,840 --> 01:31:38,400
curriculum." Um, we built that with the

1741
01:31:36,400 --> 01:31:41,120
Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear

1742
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:43,120
Energy, and Discovery Education. We have

1743
01:31:41,120 --> 01:31:46,000
an educator training program where we do

1744
01:31:43,120 --> 01:31:48,320
in-person workshops and virtual webinars

1745
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:50,880
for educators in order to help equip

1746
01:31:48,320 --> 01:31:53,600
them to teach nuclear science

1747
01:31:50,880 --> 01:31:55,520
effectively. Um those in-person

1748
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:57,760
workshops are often done at nuclear

1749
01:31:55,520 --> 01:32:01,199
sites so that those teachers can tour a

1750
01:31:57,760 --> 01:32:04,320
reactor or tour a a nuclear um research

1751
01:32:01,199 --> 01:32:06,080
facility after our workshop. Uh Mary Lou

1752
01:32:04,320 --> 01:32:08,239
is one of our common workshop

1753
01:32:06,080 --> 01:32:11,840
presenters. So her and I are often

1754
01:32:08,239 --> 01:32:14,080
teaming up for stuff like this. Um and

1755
01:32:11,840 --> 01:32:16,239
you know training educators as we saw on

1756
01:32:14,080 --> 01:32:18,159
those previous slides is is very

1757
01:32:16,239 --> 01:32:20,960
essential. Even if those educators

1758
01:32:18,159 --> 01:32:22,480
already have a good grasp of nuclear the

1759
01:32:20,960 --> 01:32:24,800
more we can bring up the quality of our

1760
01:32:22,480 --> 01:32:27,360
science educators the better. I don't

1761
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,880
think anybody can argue with that. Um,

1762
01:32:27,360 --> 01:32:31,199
Pathways to Nuclear is our career

1763
01:32:28,880 --> 01:32:32,800
exploration program for helping students

1764
01:32:31,199 --> 01:32:35,440
understand the different roles in the

1765
01:32:32,800 --> 01:32:38,239
nuclear industry, career profiles,

1766
01:32:35,440 --> 01:32:41,360
mentoring, resources in order to enter

1767
01:32:38,239 --> 01:32:43,520
the nuclear industry, etc. Nuclear

1768
01:32:41,360 --> 01:32:45,920
ambassadors is where we train nuclear

1769
01:32:43,520 --> 01:32:48,480
professionals to go out into classrooms

1770
01:32:45,920 --> 01:32:50,000
and do educational outreach. Um, our

1771
01:32:48,480 --> 01:32:52,239
nuclear professionals very often

1772
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:54,639
understand nuclear science, you know,

1773
01:32:52,239 --> 01:32:56,080
very deeply. But, you know, I have

1774
01:32:54,639 --> 01:32:57,920
nuclear professionals who have been

1775
01:32:56,080 --> 01:33:00,239
running a reactor for 30 years and

1776
01:32:57,920 --> 01:33:02,080
leading, you know, big teams of of

1777
01:33:00,239 --> 01:33:04,639
nuclear professionals. You put them in

1778
01:33:02,080 --> 01:33:06,159
front of a class of 28th graders and

1779
01:33:04,639 --> 01:33:07,920
they're trembling in their boots, right?

1780
01:33:06,159 --> 01:33:10,080
So, we have to train them up in in how

1781
01:33:07,920 --> 01:33:11,920
to do that sort of work. Um, and

1782
01:33:10,080 --> 01:33:13,520
finally, the accelerators program. You

1783
01:33:11,920 --> 01:33:15,679
can think of that as sort of like a high

1784
01:33:13,520 --> 01:33:18,080
school nuclear science club. Those are

1785
01:33:15,679 --> 01:33:19,679
for students who uh have said, "I am

1786
01:33:18,080 --> 01:33:21,600
interested in nuclear. I want to learn

1787
01:33:19,679 --> 01:33:23,920
more. I potentially may enter the

1788
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:26,320
industry once I leave high school." We

1789
01:33:23,920 --> 01:33:28,320
form local chapters of accelerators

1790
01:33:26,320 --> 01:33:30,960
programs so that they can do some of

1791
01:33:28,320 --> 01:33:32,800
that in-person engagement. Um we have

1792
01:33:30,960 --> 01:33:34,400
those spread, all of our resources are

1793
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:36,480
spread all across the country. We have

1794
01:33:34,400 --> 01:33:39,920
something going on in all 50 states

1795
01:33:36,480 --> 01:33:41,199
related to uh K12 education. Um but

1796
01:33:39,920 --> 01:33:43,280
accelerators programs are not

1797
01:33:41,199 --> 01:33:45,280
everywhere. So we also have a virtual

1798
01:33:43,280 --> 01:33:47,520
national chapter where any high schooler

1799
01:33:45,280 --> 01:33:49,199
in the country can join the accelerators

1800
01:33:47,520 --> 01:33:52,080
program and get monthly enrichment

1801
01:33:49,199 --> 01:33:53,920
around nuclear science.

1802
01:33:52,080 --> 01:33:56,400
And then that half program I was talking

1803
01:33:53,920 --> 01:33:59,360
about is mentor match where we match

1804
01:33:56,400 --> 01:34:02,239
individuals with mentors who are ANS

1805
01:33:59,360 --> 01:34:04,080
members in order to help them navigate

1806
01:34:02,239 --> 01:34:06,320
learning about the nuclear industry or

1807
01:34:04,080 --> 01:34:07,600
entering the nuclear industry. Um, so

1808
01:34:06,320 --> 01:34:09,520
what I'll do from here is I'm going to

1809
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:11,679
show a couple more deep dives into what

1810
01:34:09,520 --> 01:34:14,000
those resources look like. We'll do

1811
01:34:11,679 --> 01:34:15,840
questions and then I'll uh take everyone

1812
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:16,960
over to our demo and I'll talk about

1813
01:34:15,840 --> 01:34:18,480
what you're going to be seeing over

1814
01:34:16,960 --> 01:34:20,880
there.

1815
01:34:18,480 --> 01:34:22,960
So, educator training again, in-person

1816
01:34:20,880 --> 01:34:25,280
workshops and virtual webinars. And one

1817
01:34:22,960 --> 01:34:29,280
of the most underrated resources that I

1818
01:34:25,280 --> 01:34:31,440
think we provide is our library of uh

1819
01:34:29,280 --> 01:34:33,120
educator training webinars. So every

1820
01:34:31,440 --> 01:34:35,760
month we have a nuclear professional

1821
01:34:33,120 --> 01:34:38,880
come on and do a talk on some topic

1822
01:34:35,760 --> 01:34:41,920
within nuclear radiation basics, nuclear

1823
01:34:38,880 --> 01:34:44,080
waste, um, uh, SMRs, right, which you

1824
01:34:41,920 --> 01:34:45,679
all learned about a bit earlier, etc.

1825
01:34:44,080 --> 01:34:47,600
And we have all of those recordings

1826
01:34:45,679 --> 01:34:49,360
available on our website. So if you have

1827
01:34:47,600 --> 01:34:51,920
questions about a particular aspect of

1828
01:34:49,360 --> 01:34:54,800
the nuclear industry, you can go online.

1829
01:34:51,920 --> 01:34:56,560
You can most likely find a a talk from a

1830
01:34:54,800 --> 01:34:59,280
nuclear professional, usually a

1831
01:34:56,560 --> 01:35:02,800
university professor of nuclear science

1832
01:34:59,280 --> 01:35:04,719
going into that topic,

1833
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:07,600
pathways to nuclear. Again, that's our

1834
01:35:04,719 --> 01:35:08,880
career exploration. Um Mary Louu already

1835
01:35:07,600 --> 01:35:11,120
talked about some of the roles in

1836
01:35:08,880 --> 01:35:12,880
nuclear. Uh you know, every time I'm

1837
01:35:11,120 --> 01:35:14,880
talking to students, they instantly ask,

1838
01:35:12,880 --> 01:35:17,120
"How long do I have to go to school and

1839
01:35:14,880 --> 01:35:19,600
what sort of pay will I get?" And again,

1840
01:35:17,120 --> 01:35:22,960
nuclear has one of the highest uh

1841
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:25,679
salaries for the role and when compared

1842
01:35:22,960 --> 01:35:27,760
to to similar when compared to similar

1843
01:35:25,679 --> 01:35:29,120
roles in adjacent industries. So it's

1844
01:35:27,760 --> 01:35:30,800
very high paying. We already talked

1845
01:35:29,120 --> 01:35:32,639
about the gap in nuclear. We need a lot

1846
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:35,360
of nuclear professionals and we're

1847
01:35:32,639 --> 01:35:37,760
seeing that rising interest. Um my role

1848
01:35:35,360 --> 01:35:39,840
is working with elementary, middle, and

1849
01:35:37,760 --> 01:35:42,960
high school students. I've been at ANS

1850
01:35:39,840 --> 01:35:45,280
for about three years and I've seen a

1851
01:35:42,960 --> 01:35:47,520
tsunami of students coming to us saying,

1852
01:35:45,280 --> 01:35:49,679
"Hey, I was going to go into computer

1853
01:35:47,520 --> 01:35:51,360
science and I was going to go into space

1854
01:35:49,679 --> 01:35:53,360
related stuff, but I learned about

1855
01:35:51,360 --> 01:35:56,239
nuclear and I learned about you know

1856
01:35:53,360 --> 01:35:58,400
nuclear energy and it seems like the way

1857
01:35:56,239 --> 01:35:59,920
it uh you know is providing carbon-f

1858
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:01,600
free energy is kind of saving the world

1859
01:35:59,920 --> 01:36:02,800
and the science is interesting and I

1860
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:04,800
want to learn more about this. I want to

1861
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:06,560
go into the industry." So we have our

1862
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:09,440
pathways to nuclear program, career

1863
01:36:06,560 --> 01:36:11,600
profiles, webinars, etc. to teach

1864
01:36:09,440 --> 01:36:12,719
students about nuclear uh and about the

1865
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:15,040
careers that are in the nuclear

1866
01:36:12,719 --> 01:36:17,199
industry. Um some of those profiles are

1867
01:36:15,040 --> 01:36:19,840
video-based. Some of those you see here.

1868
01:36:17,199 --> 01:36:21,600
Um and then there's radiochemist on here

1869
01:36:19,840 --> 01:36:23,280
and I want to I want to just mention

1870
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:24,960
we've talked a lot about nuclear energy,

1871
01:36:23,280 --> 01:36:27,199
but there's so many applications of

1872
01:36:24,960 --> 01:36:28,639
nuclear outside of energy generation.

1873
01:36:27,199 --> 01:36:31,520
There are so many biomedical

1874
01:36:28,639 --> 01:36:33,199
applications of nuclear uh X-ray, MRI,

1875
01:36:31,520 --> 01:36:35,760
all that is nuclear science to some

1876
01:36:33,199 --> 01:36:38,159
extent. Uh so many cancer treatments are

1877
01:36:35,760 --> 01:36:42,080
based in nuclear science. So many

1878
01:36:38,159 --> 01:36:44,239
industry applica uh so many industry uh

1879
01:36:42,080 --> 01:36:46,719
um approaches to industry are based in

1880
01:36:44,239 --> 01:36:49,840
nuclear. It's not only energy generation

1881
01:36:46,719 --> 01:36:52,480
and energy production. Um so we try to

1882
01:36:49,840 --> 01:36:55,280
showcase that wide breath of the nuclear

1883
01:36:52,480 --> 01:36:56,639
industry in our career profiles. Um, and

1884
01:36:55,280 --> 01:36:58,639
then on here you'll see our career

1885
01:36:56,639 --> 01:37:00,239
brochure. This is available virtually.

1886
01:36:58,639 --> 01:37:02,239
We also have physical versions that

1887
01:37:00,239 --> 01:37:04,880
we'll send out. And you can see some of

1888
01:37:02,239 --> 01:37:07,920
the different buckets where those roles

1889
01:37:04,880 --> 01:37:10,080
exist. Um, again top left we have energy

1890
01:37:07,920 --> 01:37:11,679
generation. We also have health care, we

1891
01:37:10,080 --> 01:37:13,040
have aerospace, we have national

1892
01:37:11,679 --> 01:37:15,119
security, you have industrial

1893
01:37:13,040 --> 01:37:16,639
applications. There are so many

1894
01:37:15,119 --> 01:37:18,639
different ways that individuals can

1895
01:37:16,639 --> 01:37:20,960
engage with the nuclear industry. Um,

1896
01:37:18,639 --> 01:37:22,239
and again on that profile, how long you

1897
01:37:20,960 --> 01:37:24,239
have to go to school and how much you're

1898
01:37:22,239 --> 01:37:26,159
going to get paid because as a teacher,

1899
01:37:24,239 --> 01:37:28,239
that's what kids want to know. So, we

1900
01:37:26,159 --> 01:37:29,520
try to put that front and center. Um,

1901
01:37:28,239 --> 01:37:32,159
and then on the back side of that

1902
01:37:29,520 --> 01:37:34,400
brochure, we have a bit deeper dives

1903
01:37:32,159 --> 01:37:37,840
into into what those different sectors

1904
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:39,920
actually do within the nuclear industry.

1905
01:37:37,840 --> 01:37:41,600
Nuclear ambassadors, those are nuclear

1906
01:37:39,920 --> 01:37:44,560
professionals that will come and do

1907
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:46,560
events like this, science fairs, town

1908
01:37:44,560 --> 01:37:48,719
halls, etc., trying to teach people

1909
01:37:46,560 --> 01:37:50,400
about nuclear science. Um they lead

1910
01:37:48,719 --> 01:37:52,080
hands-on experiments. They address

1911
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:54,800
assump negative assumptions about

1912
01:37:52,080 --> 01:37:57,679
nuclear. Um and they help inspire K12

1913
01:37:54,800 --> 01:38:00,320
students to pursue careers. One of the

1914
01:37:57,679 --> 01:38:02,000
more popular resources is the ANS cloud

1915
01:38:00,320 --> 01:38:03,199
chamber. Not going to play this video

1916
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:04,480
because I'm going to talk about that

1917
01:38:03,199 --> 01:38:07,440
afterwards. And then we're going to

1918
01:38:04,480 --> 01:38:09,440
observe an a we're going to observe a a

1919
01:38:07,440 --> 01:38:11,440
nuclear cloud chamber which I have

1920
01:38:09,440 --> 01:38:14,159
cooking over there on the table. So

1921
01:38:11,440 --> 01:38:16,639
we're a few minutes away from that.

1922
01:38:14,159 --> 01:38:18,800
Um and then everything that we give also

1923
01:38:16,639 --> 01:38:20,239
we try to not only I mean the the cloud

1924
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:23,119
chamber is just fun but we're always

1925
01:38:20,239 --> 01:38:25,360
trying to educate right so uh along with

1926
01:38:23,119 --> 01:38:27,600
the actual cloud chamber which we deploy

1927
01:38:25,360 --> 01:38:29,600
to any educator in the country free of

1928
01:38:27,600 --> 01:38:31,679
charge thank go you know through through

1929
01:38:29,600 --> 01:38:33,119
grant supported funds we're able to

1930
01:38:31,679 --> 01:38:35,600
distribute those to any teacher who

1931
01:38:33,119 --> 01:38:37,760
requests one but we're also going to put

1932
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:39,840
a lesson there's a powerpoint around

1933
01:38:37,760 --> 01:38:41,600
radiation and nuclear science that goes

1934
01:38:39,840 --> 01:38:43,119
along with that there's a poster

1935
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:45,520
explaining what you will actually

1936
01:38:43,119 --> 01:38:47,360
observe in a cloud chamber. Alpha decay,

1937
01:38:45,520 --> 01:38:48,880
beta decay, gamma decay, right? The

1938
01:38:47,360 --> 01:38:50,320
different sorts of radioactive decays

1939
01:38:48,880 --> 01:38:52,320
that might show up there. So, we're

1940
01:38:50,320 --> 01:38:54,080
always trying to educate individuals

1941
01:38:52,320 --> 01:38:56,000
along with some of the more fun things

1942
01:38:54,080 --> 01:38:58,480
that we're doing with uh with students

1943
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:59,760
and teachers. And then the accelerators

1944
01:38:58,480 --> 01:39:02,719
program, I already talked about that. We

1945
01:38:59,760 --> 01:39:04,960
have those local uh basically nuclear

1946
01:39:02,719 --> 01:39:07,119
science clubs at different high schools.

1947
01:39:04,960 --> 01:39:09,119
Um and we launch those with a series of

1948
01:39:07,119 --> 01:39:11,280
sessions that we plan and then we allow

1949
01:39:09,119 --> 01:39:12,639
the students and the educators to lead

1950
01:39:11,280 --> 01:39:14,159
those themselves. They come to us

1951
01:39:12,639 --> 01:39:15,520
saying, "Hey, I want to visit a nuclear

1952
01:39:14,159 --> 01:39:16,880
power plant," or, "Hey, I would like a

1953
01:39:15,520 --> 01:39:19,520
nuclear professional to speak to my

1954
01:39:16,880 --> 01:39:21,040
class." But we're allowing them to steer

1955
01:39:19,520 --> 01:39:23,280
their own direction and exploration

1956
01:39:21,040 --> 01:39:24,960
around nuclear science with our support.

1957
01:39:23,280 --> 01:39:25,920
Um, we're not out here to change hearts

1958
01:39:24,960 --> 01:39:27,440
and minds. We're not out here to

1959
01:39:25,920 --> 01:39:28,719
convince people to, oh, you should get a

1960
01:39:27,440 --> 01:39:30,400
nuclear power plant or you should go

1961
01:39:28,719 --> 01:39:32,000
into the industry. We're just presenting

1962
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:33,760
the information and when people want

1963
01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:35,760
more information from a fact-based

1964
01:39:33,760 --> 01:39:37,440
perspective, we try to show up and give

1965
01:39:35,760 --> 01:39:39,119
that. Um and then of course we have our

1966
01:39:37,440 --> 01:39:40,800
national chapter where any high schooler

1967
01:39:39,119 --> 01:39:43,280
in the country can just sign up and

1968
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:46,480
start getting that monthly enrichment.

1969
01:39:43,280 --> 01:39:48,800
Um and then finally our our curriculum

1970
01:39:46,480 --> 01:39:51,520
which is really kind of the bedrock of

1971
01:39:48,800 --> 01:39:54,639
upon which all of our other programs are

1972
01:39:51,520 --> 01:39:56,159
built. Um very deployed. We've had about

1973
01:39:54,639 --> 01:39:58,320
three million students who've gone

1974
01:39:56,159 --> 01:40:00,560
through that curriculum to date. Uh

1975
01:39:58,320 --> 01:40:02,639
again it's provided free of charge to

1976
01:40:00,560 --> 01:40:04,880
any classroom in the country that wants

1977
01:40:02,639 --> 01:40:07,840
it. Um, and we also ensure that it's

1978
01:40:04,880 --> 01:40:09,440
aligned to the state science standards.

1979
01:40:07,840 --> 01:40:11,920
We're not trying to teach things that

1980
01:40:09,440 --> 01:40:13,920
are already out that are outside of the

1981
01:40:11,920 --> 01:40:17,119
purview of of what that educator wants

1982
01:40:13,920 --> 01:40:20,960
to teach. So when a module comes up that

1983
01:40:17,119 --> 01:40:23,440
requires physics or chemistry uh

1984
01:40:20,960 --> 01:40:25,199
enrichment around nuclear science, we

1985
01:40:23,440 --> 01:40:27,040
try to provide those we try to provide

1986
01:40:25,199 --> 01:40:29,199
those modules and those come from our

1987
01:40:27,040 --> 01:40:31,520
navigating nuclear curriculum. What does

1988
01:40:29,199 --> 01:40:33,679
navigating nuclear actually look like?

1989
01:40:31,520 --> 01:40:35,600
uh we have three parts to it. Um and

1990
01:40:33,679 --> 01:40:37,360
each part is split up by grade band. So

1991
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,639
we have an elementary school grade band,

1992
01:40:37,360 --> 01:40:40,719
a middle school grade band, and then a

1993
01:40:38,639 --> 01:40:43,360
high school grade band. And the three

1994
01:40:40,719 --> 01:40:46,480
actual resources are lesson bundles,

1995
01:40:43,360 --> 01:40:49,520
which are kind of the more um standards

1996
01:40:46,480 --> 01:40:51,600
aligned lesson around a specific nuclear

1997
01:40:49,520 --> 01:40:53,199
topic, whether that be protons,

1998
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:57,360
neutrons, electrons, whether it's

1999
01:40:53,199 --> 01:40:58,400
exploring energy, um etc. And I'm just

2000
01:40:57,360 --> 01:41:00,000
going through some of the different

2001
01:40:58,400 --> 01:41:02,080
lesson bundles for elementary, middle,

2002
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:03,920
and high. And here you'll see that we're

2003
01:41:02,080 --> 01:41:05,679
only talking about again energy

2004
01:41:03,920 --> 01:41:08,000
generation but we're talking about

2005
01:41:05,679 --> 01:41:09,520
biomed applications of nuclear right

2006
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:11,440
there's so many cancer treatments that

2007
01:41:09,520 --> 01:41:12,560
are based in nuclear science we're

2008
01:41:11,440 --> 01:41:14,239
talking about the industrial

2009
01:41:12,560 --> 01:41:18,080
applications in nuclear science trying

2010
01:41:14,239 --> 01:41:20,880
to give a comprehensive overview of of

2011
01:41:18,080 --> 01:41:22,080
the uh of the industry.

2012
01:41:20,880 --> 01:41:23,679
The second thing that we have are

2013
01:41:22,080 --> 01:41:26,239
project starters and those are kind of

2014
01:41:23,679 --> 01:41:28,560
more experiential projectbased

2015
01:41:26,239 --> 01:41:30,719
explorations that students engage in

2016
01:41:28,560 --> 01:41:34,400
after they've learned from that lesson

2017
01:41:30,719 --> 01:41:36,880
bundle. Um, deep space. Uh, anyone

2018
01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:39,600
familiar with Voyager 1 and Voyager 2,

2019
01:41:36,880 --> 01:41:42,800
those probes that were launched? Okay.

2020
01:41:39,600 --> 01:41:45,600
How do you fuel a probe to go 17 billion

2021
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:48,159
miles from Earth into deep space and fly

2022
01:41:45,600 --> 01:41:50,400
for 40 or 50 years as Voyager 1 and

2023
01:41:48,159 --> 01:41:52,400
Voyager 2 have have been doing? You

2024
01:41:50,400 --> 01:41:54,400
can't do it with solar because once you

2025
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:57,119
get far away far away enough from the

2026
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:59,040
sun there is no solar energy at sca at

2027
01:41:57,119 --> 01:42:01,440
at levels enough to power these

2028
01:41:59,040 --> 01:42:02,880
machines. Um can't do it with gas

2029
01:42:01,440 --> 01:42:05,199
because that's going to run out after a

2030
01:42:02,880 --> 01:42:07,520
couple years. Uh you do it with nuclear.

2031
01:42:05,199 --> 01:42:09,840
All of our probes are driven by nuclear

2032
01:42:07,520 --> 01:42:11,840
energy. Additionally our rovers, anyone

2033
01:42:09,840 --> 01:42:14,719
heard about the rovers that landed on

2034
01:42:11,840 --> 01:42:16,400
Mars? Yeah. They incorporate solar

2035
01:42:14,719 --> 01:42:20,239
energy to some extent but they're also

2036
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:23,119
nuclear driven. Um, nuclear has allowed

2037
01:42:20,239 --> 01:42:24,639
us to explore the frontiers of space as

2038
01:42:23,119 --> 01:42:26,880
well as the frontiers of the ocean.

2039
01:42:24,639 --> 01:42:28,639
Marylu talked about those submarines.

2040
01:42:26,880 --> 01:42:30,639
That submarine with a nuclear reactor

2041
01:42:28,639 --> 01:42:33,040
can stay underwater for nine months at a

2042
01:42:30,639 --> 01:42:35,360
time without breaching. Uh, you put a

2043
01:42:33,040 --> 01:42:37,440
diesel generator on that and I mean all

2044
01:42:35,360 --> 01:42:40,080
your sailors are coughing and hacking up

2045
01:42:37,440 --> 01:42:42,880
after, you know, a couple days, right?

2046
01:42:40,080 --> 01:42:45,040
Uh, so deep sea exploration, aerospace

2047
01:42:42,880 --> 01:42:48,719
exploration, the farthest things we've

2048
01:42:45,040 --> 01:42:50,480
ever created that are out on the fringes

2049
01:42:48,719 --> 01:42:53,600
of the solar system, those Voyager

2050
01:42:50,480 --> 01:42:56,159
probes are driven by nuclear generators.

2051
01:42:53,600 --> 01:42:58,320
Um, so we talk about things beyond just

2052
01:42:56,159 --> 01:42:59,840
power generation, but those project

2053
01:42:58,320 --> 01:43:01,760
starters are ways that students can kind

2054
01:42:59,840 --> 01:43:03,840
of dig deeper and take what they learned

2055
01:43:01,760 --> 01:43:05,760
in those lesson bundles and apply it to

2056
01:43:03,840 --> 01:43:08,159
real world applications. And we really

2057
01:43:05,760 --> 01:43:10,159
want to emphasize the real world piece

2058
01:43:08,159 --> 01:43:12,960
um because we want what we're teaching

2059
01:43:10,159 --> 01:43:15,040
them to be applicable when they actually

2060
01:43:12,960 --> 01:43:16,880
enter society after being students

2061
01:43:15,040 --> 01:43:18,480
whether it's in the nuclear sector or

2062
01:43:16,880 --> 01:43:20,239
not.

2063
01:43:18,480 --> 01:43:21,760
Um more project starters

2064
01:43:20,239 --> 01:43:24,320
radioarmaceuticals

2065
01:43:21,760 --> 01:43:25,679
right there's a whole industry of radio

2066
01:43:24,320 --> 01:43:27,920
pharmaceuticals that are driven by

2067
01:43:25,679 --> 01:43:30,000
nuclear science. Um we talked about

2068
01:43:27,920 --> 01:43:31,920
fusion earlier. I'm hoping it's not

2069
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:34,320
actually 50 years away because Fusion is

2070
01:43:31,920 --> 01:43:36,480
very exciting, but uh you know, we don't

2071
01:43:34,320 --> 01:43:38,400
have it yet. We're getting there. Um and

2072
01:43:36,480 --> 01:43:39,679
then the final resource that we have, we

2073
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:40,960
have the lesson bundles, we have the

2074
01:43:39,679 --> 01:43:43,360
project starters, and we also have

2075
01:43:40,960 --> 01:43:46,159
virtual field trips. And that's a really

2076
01:43:43,360 --> 01:43:47,840
good introduction for the industry for

2077
01:43:46,159 --> 01:43:49,119
anyone, whether you're an elementary,

2078
01:43:47,840 --> 01:43:50,960
middle, or high school student, or

2079
01:43:49,119 --> 01:43:52,639
whether you're an adult. Um our

2080
01:43:50,960 --> 01:43:54,880
elementary school one is an exploration

2081
01:43:52,639 --> 01:43:57,040
of nuclear and space. Our middle school

2082
01:43:54,880 --> 01:43:59,119
one is a nuclear power plant, Palo Verde

2083
01:43:57,040 --> 01:44:00,960
Generating Station. And our high school

2084
01:43:59,119 --> 01:44:02,960
one is an exploration of a nuclear

2085
01:44:00,960 --> 01:44:05,760
research facility called Idaho National

2086
01:44:02,960 --> 01:44:07,679
Lab. So these are about 15 20 minute

2087
01:44:05,760 --> 01:44:09,920
long videos that just are deep dives

2088
01:44:07,679 --> 01:44:12,400
into these sort of different aspects of

2089
01:44:09,920 --> 01:44:15,440
the nuclear industry.

2090
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:17,520
Um so that's on the K12 side. Uh what

2091
01:44:15,440 --> 01:44:20,080
does professional development within the

2092
01:44:17,520 --> 01:44:22,239
nuclear industry look like? Um this is

2093
01:44:20,080 --> 01:44:24,000
not my primary wheelhouse. My colleague

2094
01:44:22,239 --> 01:44:25,280
Dan Goldberg really deals with this, but

2095
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:27,280
he's not here. So, I'm going to present

2096
01:44:25,280 --> 01:44:30,320
a little bit a little bit of this on his

2097
01:44:27,280 --> 01:44:34,159
behalf. Uh we have a whole suite of

2098
01:44:30,320 --> 01:44:35,600
certificates and courses for training uh

2099
01:44:34,159 --> 01:44:38,159
professionals, people who are not

2100
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:40,159
students in nuclear science. Some of

2101
01:44:38,159 --> 01:44:42,880
those are for nuclear professionals, but

2102
01:44:40,159 --> 01:44:44,960
I really want to highlight nuclear 101,

2103
01:44:42,880 --> 01:44:47,600
which is really for individuals who

2104
01:44:44,960 --> 01:44:49,440
don't have a background in nuclear and

2105
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:52,400
who may be interested in entering the

2106
01:44:49,440 --> 01:44:54,880
industry. So you have um people in

2107
01:44:52,400 --> 01:44:56,560
adjacent fields who are interested in in

2108
01:44:54,880 --> 01:44:57,920
getting into nuclear trades people who

2109
01:44:56,560 --> 01:45:00,560
might have been a trades person in

2110
01:44:57,920 --> 01:45:02,080
within electrical or mechanical who who

2111
01:45:00,560 --> 01:45:04,719
now want to engage with the nuclear

2112
01:45:02,080 --> 01:45:06,560
industry most of the time because the

2113
01:45:04,719 --> 01:45:08,719
salaries there are much much higher

2114
01:45:06,560 --> 01:45:10,960
right um so nuclear 101 is a really good

2115
01:45:08,719 --> 01:45:14,080
way to give those individuals uh the

2116
01:45:10,960 --> 01:45:15,679
first kind of foundation in nuclear but

2117
01:45:14,080 --> 01:45:17,600
we also have stuff for individuals who

2118
01:45:15,679 --> 01:45:19,199
are currently in the nuclear industry.

2119
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:21,360
We have a nuclear licensing and

2120
01:45:19,199 --> 01:45:23,440
regulation course um because licensing

2121
01:45:21,360 --> 01:45:25,119
and regulation is a huge part of nuclear

2122
01:45:23,440 --> 01:45:27,280
uh Marylu talked about the nuclear

2123
01:45:25,119 --> 01:45:29,520
regulatory commission and talked about

2124
01:45:27,280 --> 01:45:32,320
waste right and we're the only industry

2125
01:45:29,520 --> 01:45:35,440
that does this every single gram of

2126
01:45:32,320 --> 01:45:38,639
nuclear waste produced every single gram

2127
01:45:35,440 --> 01:45:40,159
is tracked labeled managed by the

2128
01:45:38,639 --> 01:45:41,520
Nuclear Regulatory Commission. They're

2129
01:45:40,159 --> 01:45:43,600
able to tell where each and every single

2130
01:45:41,520 --> 01:45:45,840
gram of it is. So the licensing and

2131
01:45:43,600 --> 01:45:47,840
regulation around nuclear is extremely

2132
01:45:45,840 --> 01:45:51,440
robust, more robust than any other

2133
01:45:47,840 --> 01:45:55,119
industry and rightly so, right? Uh but

2134
01:45:51,440 --> 01:45:57,280
um the licensing regulatory framework is

2135
01:45:55,119 --> 01:45:59,119
rather complex. So we have a whole

2136
01:45:57,280 --> 01:46:01,119
entire course around that. We also

2137
01:45:59,119 --> 01:46:03,280
talked about the waste, right? Nuclear

2138
01:46:01,119 --> 01:46:05,280
waste is a huge topic sometimes of

2139
01:46:03,280 --> 01:46:06,800
concern from a lot of people and we

2140
01:46:05,280 --> 01:46:08,800
talked a little bit about it today. How

2141
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:11,280
little waste there is, how manageable it

2142
01:46:08,800 --> 01:46:13,119
is. Um, and again that's something that

2143
01:46:11,280 --> 01:46:14,639
I always encourage people to dig into

2144
01:46:13,119 --> 01:46:16,719
themselves because there are a lot of

2145
01:46:14,639 --> 01:46:18,480
misconceptions around nuclear waste. But

2146
01:46:16,719 --> 01:46:20,560
we also have a course on radioactive

2147
01:46:18,480 --> 01:46:22,080
waste management.

2148
01:46:20,560 --> 01:46:25,199
Um, here are some of the topics that

2149
01:46:22,080 --> 01:46:27,280
nuclear 101 uh digs into history and

2150
01:46:25,199 --> 01:46:29,920
legacy of nuclear, nuclear fundamentals,

2151
01:46:27,280 --> 01:46:32,719
introduction to the nuclear fuel cycle,

2152
01:46:29,920 --> 01:46:34,480
etc. Licensing and regulation. There's

2153
01:46:32,719 --> 01:46:36,159
not only NRC but there's the Department

2154
01:46:34,480 --> 01:46:38,560
of Energy and Environmental Protection

2155
01:46:36,159 --> 01:46:41,280
Agency which are key players in the new

2156
01:46:38,560 --> 01:46:44,400
in the regulatory framework. Um NRC

2157
01:46:41,280 --> 01:46:46,480
licenses safety analysis supports uh a

2158
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:48,080
whole host of sorry a whole host of

2159
01:46:46,480 --> 01:46:49,840
different things that are relevant to

2160
01:46:48,080 --> 01:46:52,239
the licensing and regulation process

2161
01:46:49,840 --> 01:46:55,040
around nuclear. Um and then that waste

2162
01:46:52,239 --> 01:46:56,480
management it's it's anytime I talk to I

2163
01:46:55,040 --> 01:46:59,040
won't say anytime but very often you

2164
01:46:56,480 --> 01:47:00,320
talk to folks waste is always a question

2165
01:46:59,040 --> 01:47:02,239
right? What about the waste? What about

2166
01:47:00,320 --> 01:47:04,560
the waste? What about the waste? Um, and

2167
01:47:02,239 --> 01:47:08,320
it's one of the most interesting sort of

2168
01:47:04,560 --> 01:47:10,560
aspects of the nuclear uh landscape. The

2169
01:47:08,320 --> 01:47:13,760
way that we approach waste, the how much

2170
01:47:10,560 --> 01:47:15,600
waste there is, how dangerous or not

2171
01:47:13,760 --> 01:47:18,159
dangerous that waste is, and what we do

2172
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:19,600
with it. Um, it's very very fascinating,

2173
01:47:18,159 --> 01:47:20,960
not only the way that America does it,

2174
01:47:19,600 --> 01:47:22,880
but the way that other countries have

2175
01:47:20,960 --> 01:47:25,360
managed it as well. So, we have a whole

2176
01:47:22,880 --> 01:47:28,000
course on radioactive waste management

2177
01:47:25,360 --> 01:47:30,000
um as well. And then finally, this is

2178
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,600
really for nuclear professionals, but

2179
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:33,600
I'll, you know, just, you know, give a

2180
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:35,840
quick overview anyway. The certified

2181
01:47:33,600 --> 01:47:37,920
nuclear professional, uh, that's a

2182
01:47:35,840 --> 01:47:42,000
certification for individuals in the

2183
01:47:37,920 --> 01:47:44,960
industry that showcases their command of

2184
01:47:42,000 --> 01:47:46,800
of nuclear science. Um, so you can see

2185
01:47:44,960 --> 01:47:48,800
some of the eligibility requirements

2186
01:47:46,800 --> 01:47:50,880
there at the top. Um, and then at the

2187
01:47:48,800 --> 01:47:52,560
bottom there's an exam, right? There's a

2188
01:47:50,880 --> 01:47:54,480
course and there's an exam to become a

2189
01:47:52,560 --> 01:47:55,840
certified nuclear professional. And at

2190
01:47:54,480 --> 01:47:58,800
the bottom there you can see kind of

2191
01:47:55,840 --> 01:48:00,000
what the breakdowns of that exam or what

2192
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:03,920
what the breakdowns of the different

2193
01:48:00,000 --> 01:48:06,080
topics are within that exam.

2194
01:48:03,920 --> 01:48:09,520
Um and then here you can see some of the

2195
01:48:06,080 --> 01:48:11,119
upcoming courses within uh that ANS is

2196
01:48:09,520 --> 01:48:13,040
going to be providing that are coming

2197
01:48:11,119 --> 01:48:15,520
down the pipeline. Right? Business of

2198
01:48:13,040 --> 01:48:17,600
nuclear economics um nuclear safety

2199
01:48:15,520 --> 01:48:20,320
culture risk informed performance-based

2200
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:22,719
standards. Uh the list goes on. We just

2201
01:48:20,320 --> 01:48:24,400
started providing these courses um not

2202
01:48:22,719 --> 01:48:26,639
too long ago and they've been extremely

2203
01:48:24,400 --> 01:48:28,480
popular. Nuclear 101 has been sold out

2204
01:48:26,639 --> 01:48:29,920
every single time that we've offered it.

2205
01:48:28,480 --> 01:48:31,600
These things are not free, right? The

2206
01:48:29,920 --> 01:48:34,320
K12 stuff is free. These things are not

2207
01:48:31,600 --> 01:48:35,840
free. I'll make that that caveat. Um but

2208
01:48:34,320 --> 01:48:37,280
it's been sold out every time that we've

2209
01:48:35,840 --> 01:48:38,639
offered it. And we've been seeing, you

2210
01:48:37,280 --> 01:48:40,960
know, I've been seeing rising interest

2211
01:48:38,639 --> 01:48:42,400
from the K12 perspective and ANS more

2212
01:48:40,960 --> 01:48:44,639
broadly has been seeing a lot of rising

2213
01:48:42,400 --> 01:48:46,960
interest from professional perspective.

2214
01:48:44,639 --> 01:48:48,800
Um, so there is a lot more engagement

2215
01:48:46,960 --> 01:48:50,880
that's been happening on the nuclear

2216
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:54,239
front from people who who previously

2217
01:48:50,880 --> 01:48:55,840
were not familiar with the industry.

2218
01:48:54,239 --> 01:48:57,040
Okay, that's the end of my presentation.

2219
01:48:55,840 --> 01:48:58,239
I know I went through kind of quickly,

2220
01:48:57,040 --> 01:49:00,159
but I wanted to make sure I left some

2221
01:48:58,239 --> 01:49:02,880
time for questions as well as some time

2222
01:49:00,159 --> 01:49:04,480
to observe the cloud chamber. So I I'll

2223
01:49:02,880 --> 01:49:06,159
talk about what the cloud chamber is in

2224
01:49:04,480 --> 01:49:07,840
a second, but before I move on and do

2225
01:49:06,159 --> 01:49:12,760
that, let me just see if there are any

2226
01:49:07,840 --> 01:49:12,760
questions in the audience. Yes, sir.

2227
01:49:43,040 --> 01:49:46,159
Can Can you that second question maybe

2228
01:49:44,880 --> 01:49:48,320
we could get him a mic? I didn't catch

2229
01:49:46,159 --> 01:49:50,159
the tail end of that second question you

2230
01:49:48,320 --> 01:49:51,840
were saying about things changing. Could

2231
01:49:50,159 --> 01:49:53,360
you could you repeat that one or Yeah,

2232
01:49:51,840 --> 01:49:55,600
Andrew's gonna get you a mic here.

2233
01:49:53,360 --> 01:49:59,440
» We were taught that that's we were

2234
01:49:55,600 --> 01:50:03,119
taught that that nuclear aging is um

2235
01:49:59,440 --> 01:50:06,159
infallible and From what I've seen in

2236
01:50:03,119 --> 01:50:09,199
recent years, it's not infallible. So,

2237
01:50:06,159 --> 01:50:12,320
can you address the science of the aging

2238
01:50:09,199 --> 01:50:13,040
through n of the decay and you got my

2239
01:50:12,320 --> 01:50:14,159
first part of that?

2240
01:50:13,040 --> 01:50:16,159
» Okay. Yeah, I think you're talking about

2241
01:50:14,159 --> 01:50:18,320
radiocarbon dating there potentially.

2242
01:50:16,159 --> 01:50:20,080
Yeah, I'm going to let Marylu touch on

2243
01:50:18,320 --> 01:50:21,600
that one. Um, and then I we'll get to

2244
01:50:20,080 --> 01:50:23,119
your first question. Go ahead, Maryl.

2245
01:50:21,600 --> 01:50:23,679
Right behind you.

2246
01:50:23,119 --> 01:50:25,920
» Okay.

2247
01:50:23,679 --> 01:50:28,800
» Thank you. But I think reaching out to

2248
01:50:25,920 --> 01:50:31,679
the a science programs and FFA is an

2249
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:33,119
area that that fits into

2250
01:50:31,679 --> 01:50:35,360
» Mary, you want to take that too?

2251
01:50:33,119 --> 01:50:37,520
» There are Oh yeah, there are so many

2252
01:50:35,360 --> 01:50:39,119
applications in agriculture that it's

2253
01:50:37,520 --> 01:50:42,239
brilliant. I never even thought of that.

2254
01:50:39,119 --> 01:50:44,320
Thank you for that. So dating um with

2255
01:50:42,239 --> 01:50:47,040
radioisotopes.

2256
01:50:44,320 --> 01:50:50,159
It it like any other technology does

2257
01:50:47,040 --> 01:50:52,239
evolve over time. The detectors that you

2258
01:50:50,159 --> 01:50:55,040
use to detect the radiation being

2259
01:50:52,239 --> 01:50:58,560
released improve the statistics you use

2260
01:50:55,040 --> 01:51:04,480
to analyze data improve. And you know

2261
01:50:58,560 --> 01:51:07,920
you can age things across a variety of

2262
01:51:04,480 --> 01:51:11,280
orders of magnitude. A carbon dating is

2263
01:51:07,920 --> 01:51:14,400
specific to anything that was organic

2264
01:51:11,280 --> 01:51:17,760
because we're carbon based, right? And

2265
01:51:14,400 --> 01:51:20,960
the halflife of carbon 14 something on

2266
01:51:17,760 --> 01:51:25,679
the order of like500 years. Don't quote

2267
01:51:20,960 --> 01:51:29,119
me on that, but close enough. Um, so you

2268
01:51:25,679 --> 01:51:31,199
have to consider that something younger

2269
01:51:29,119 --> 01:51:34,719
than that period of time, you won't get

2270
01:51:31,199 --> 01:51:37,040
very good data, but something four times

2271
01:51:34,719 --> 01:51:38,880
the age of that period of time, you'll

2272
01:51:37,040 --> 01:51:42,800
be better. But things that are even

2273
01:51:38,880 --> 01:51:44,639
older like sediments in deep ocean

2274
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:47,679
floors, you need a whole different

2275
01:51:44,639 --> 01:51:51,440
isotope to use. So I don't know if that

2276
01:51:47,679 --> 01:51:55,360
answered his question, but

2277
01:51:51,440 --> 01:51:58,920
» It's fascinating stuff.

2278
01:51:55,360 --> 01:51:58,920
» Any other questions?

2279
01:51:59,679 --> 01:52:03,840
» I want to comment. Yes,

2280
01:52:01,520 --> 01:52:07,920
» I had so much air time. Apologize.

2281
01:52:03,840 --> 01:52:10,400
» No, no, no. But I was in a previous life

2282
01:52:07,920 --> 01:52:12,960
a high school science teacher and then I

2283
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:16,080
went back to grad school and became a

2284
01:52:12,960 --> 01:52:19,040
nuclear engineer.

2285
01:52:16,080 --> 01:52:22,560
I feel

2286
01:52:19,040 --> 01:52:25,280
really strongly about empowering K to2

2287
01:52:22,560 --> 01:52:27,599
teachers and ANS has done a lot of

2288
01:52:25,280 --> 01:52:30,480
homework. I've been part of that

2289
01:52:27,599 --> 01:52:32,880
homework and creating these materials

2290
01:52:30,480 --> 01:52:36,400
for teachers. So, if you know anybody

2291
01:52:32,880 --> 01:52:39,440
who's a teacher um or you have kids who

2292
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:42,239
are in school, I strongly encourage you

2293
01:52:39,440 --> 01:52:44,880
to share this information with them. I

2294
01:52:42,239 --> 01:52:47,599
get it. I mean, if I were a biology

2295
01:52:44,880 --> 01:52:50,960
teacher, um nuclear science would

2296
01:52:47,599 --> 01:52:54,719
terrify me. I just wouldn't know enough.

2297
01:52:50,960 --> 01:52:57,760
That's okay. Um we've created really uh

2298
01:52:54,719 --> 01:53:00,320
tangible materials with, you know,

2299
01:52:57,760 --> 01:53:02,719
objectives and lesson plans. We share

2300
01:53:00,320 --> 01:53:04,880
the materials. We try to make it as easy

2301
01:53:02,719 --> 01:53:07,520
as possible.

2302
01:53:04,880 --> 01:53:09,679
» Yeah. So, if you do have those educators

2303
01:53:07,520 --> 01:53:11,840
or even if you yourself want to, you

2304
01:53:09,679 --> 01:53:13,679
know, review some of those resources,

2305
01:53:11,840 --> 01:53:15,760
ans.orgnuclear,

2306
01:53:13,679 --> 01:53:18,000
that's where you can find all of those

2307
01:53:15,760 --> 01:53:20,639
programs that I mentioned. Again, all of

2308
01:53:18,000 --> 01:53:22,000
it's available online for free. Go and

2309
01:53:20,639 --> 01:53:23,440
you can you can look it up. And then I

2310
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,040
also encourage you all again, like I

2311
01:53:23,440 --> 01:53:27,040
mentioned at the beginning of of my

2312
01:53:25,040 --> 01:53:29,840
presentation, to go out and do your own

2313
01:53:27,040 --> 01:53:32,880
research. I before I came to ANS even as

2314
01:53:29,840 --> 01:53:34,400
a science teacher I knew so little about

2315
01:53:32,880 --> 01:53:35,760
nuclear and I was kind of if you came up

2316
01:53:34,400 --> 01:53:38,400
to me and asked nuclear energy I'd be

2317
01:53:35,760 --> 01:53:40,800
like I'm not too sure maybe sort of and

2318
01:53:38,400 --> 01:53:44,080
it took me a long time of researching to

2319
01:53:40,800 --> 01:53:48,239
realize that wait this technology is not

2320
01:53:44,080 --> 01:53:50,080
only super cool and a lot of fun but it

2321
01:53:48,239 --> 01:53:52,800
gives us energy independence and

2322
01:53:50,080 --> 01:53:56,000
reliable energy it is not releasing

2323
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:57,360
carbon into the atmosphere so it is in

2324
01:53:56,000 --> 01:53:59,840
some ways

2325
01:53:57,360 --> 01:54:01,840
the future and it is in some ways saving

2326
01:53:59,840 --> 01:54:04,159
the planet. I mean if you look at the

2327
01:54:01,840 --> 01:54:05,840
effects of fossil fuels and greenhouse

2328
01:54:04,159 --> 01:54:08,000
gases on the planet and then you look at

2329
01:54:05,840 --> 01:54:10,239
what nuclear is doing in that landscape,

2330
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:12,560
it is very significant. Um but I did

2331
01:54:10,239 --> 01:54:14,719
that just looking up things myself and

2332
01:54:12,560 --> 01:54:16,480
trying to find unbiased sources. So I

2333
01:54:14,719 --> 01:54:18,239
encourage you all to do the same. Um and

2334
01:54:16,480 --> 01:54:21,280
then if anyone wants to reach out to me

2335
01:54:18,239 --> 01:54:22,719
specifically to receive resources, a lot

2336
01:54:21,280 --> 01:54:24,719
of these resources I mentioned are

2337
01:54:22,719 --> 01:54:27,040
virtual but we have so many physical

2338
01:54:24,719 --> 01:54:30,400
resources. We have the cloud chamber. We

2339
01:54:27,040 --> 01:54:32,800
have career brochures. We have uh a host

2340
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:34,159
of different physical things as well. Um

2341
01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:35,520
shoot me an email or even if you just

2342
01:54:34,159 --> 01:54:37,040
have a question or you just want me to

2343
01:54:35,520 --> 01:54:38,239
come visit your classroom or anything of

2344
01:54:37,040 --> 01:54:40,080
that nature or you want a nuclear

2345
01:54:38,239 --> 01:54:42,239
professional to come out and visit your

2346
01:54:40,080 --> 01:54:44,719
classroom or visit your community, email

2347
01:54:42,239 --> 01:54:46,639
me at ueeibbeans.org

2348
01:54:44,719 --> 01:54:49,360
and I'll be happy to to engage in that

2349
01:54:46,639 --> 01:54:51,199
discussion. Um okay, any questions? If

2350
01:54:49,360 --> 01:54:52,480
not, we're going to do a quick preamble

2351
01:54:51,199 --> 01:54:54,159
for the cloud chamber and then we're

2352
01:54:52,480 --> 01:54:55,679
going to go watch some cloud chamber.

2353
01:54:54,159 --> 01:54:57,840
Okay, someone's excited for some cloud

2354
01:54:55,679 --> 01:54:59,760
chamber stuff. Okay. Um, couple minutes

2355
01:54:57,840 --> 01:55:02,000
real quick to contextualize us all and

2356
01:54:59,760 --> 01:55:03,440
what we're about to see. Um, a cloud

2357
01:55:02,000 --> 01:55:05,920
chamber in the full name is the

2358
01:55:03,440 --> 01:55:07,520
visualizing radiation cloud chamber

2359
01:55:05,920 --> 01:55:09,440
because it allows you to see radiation

2360
01:55:07,520 --> 01:55:11,840
with your naked eye. How does it do

2361
01:55:09,440 --> 01:55:13,280
that? Um, I'm a former teacher, so I'm

2362
01:55:11,840 --> 01:55:15,520
going to start asking the audience some

2363
01:55:13,280 --> 01:55:17,280
questions. Uh, if no one answers, I will

2364
01:55:15,520 --> 01:55:19,360
point to people. So, put your hand up.

2365
01:55:17,280 --> 01:55:21,440
All right. Um, when you see a plane

2366
01:55:19,360 --> 01:55:24,800
flying through the sky very very high

2367
01:55:21,440 --> 01:55:26,560
up, what's trailing behind that plane?

2368
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:28,960
Anybody?

2369
01:55:26,560 --> 01:55:31,119
A contrail. Okay, very good. Um, if you

2370
01:55:28,960 --> 01:55:32,480
have a cold lake and the sun hits it

2371
01:55:31,119 --> 01:55:35,360
first thing in the morning, what do you

2372
01:55:32,480 --> 01:55:37,760
see rising up off of that lake?

2373
01:55:35,360 --> 01:55:40,960
Steam. Very good. Final person. Go get

2374
01:55:37,760 --> 01:55:42,480
somebody new. Uh, if you have a warm car

2375
01:55:40,960 --> 01:55:46,080
and it's winter time, what do you have

2376
01:55:42,480 --> 01:55:48,320
on the windows of that car?

2377
01:55:46,080 --> 01:55:50,719
Condensation. Very good. All of you get

2378
01:55:48,320 --> 01:55:52,960
A's for today's class. Very good. Um,

2379
01:55:50,719 --> 01:55:55,599
what is the similarity in all three of

2380
01:55:52,960 --> 01:55:58,080
those contexts? Cold lake, warm sun,

2381
01:55:55,599 --> 01:56:01,760
cold car or warm car, cold air on the

2382
01:55:58,080 --> 01:56:04,639
outside. The similarity is

2383
01:56:01,760 --> 01:56:07,760
somebody loud.

2384
01:56:04,639 --> 01:56:09,679
Or you have a warm airplane jet in the

2385
01:56:07,760 --> 01:56:11,360
cold upper reaches of the atmosphere.

2386
01:56:09,679 --> 01:56:13,920
What's the similarity in all three of

2387
01:56:11,360 --> 01:56:16,560
those contexts?

2388
01:56:13,920 --> 01:56:18,400
You have a delta of temperature. Delta

2389
01:56:16,560 --> 01:56:20,800
fancy term for a temperature difference,

2390
01:56:18,400 --> 01:56:22,880
right? You have evaporation when a hot

2391
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:24,639
sun hits the water. You have

2392
01:56:22,880 --> 01:56:26,320
condensation on the window when it's

2393
01:56:24,639 --> 01:56:28,159
super warm inside the car and it's cold

2394
01:56:26,320 --> 01:56:30,880
on the outside. When you have a

2395
01:56:28,159 --> 01:56:33,760
temperature difference, water tends to

2396
01:56:30,880 --> 01:56:35,760
change state, evaporate, condense,

2397
01:56:33,760 --> 01:56:38,480
something of that nature. Okay, we're

2398
01:56:35,760 --> 01:56:40,639
harnessing that same process in a cloud

2399
01:56:38,480 --> 01:56:43,599
chamber. So, you'll notice if you look

2400
01:56:40,639 --> 01:56:47,920
over here, um, and I'll just mosy on

2401
01:56:43,599 --> 01:56:50,080
over, um, I have a hunk of dry ice

2402
01:56:47,920 --> 01:56:51,760
on a styrofoam platter. And I'll pull

2403
01:56:50,080 --> 01:56:55,360
this out so folks can kind of come on

2404
01:56:51,760 --> 01:56:57,760
both sides and look. Um, that dry ice is

2405
01:56:55,360 --> 01:57:00,000
what we are using to create a

2406
01:56:57,760 --> 01:57:02,000
temperature difference

2407
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:04,239
inside this chamber. Sitting on top of

2408
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:06,880
the dry ice, I have a radioactive

2409
01:57:04,239 --> 01:57:08,800
source. Okay, you don't have to worry

2410
01:57:06,880 --> 01:57:10,719
about it because again I do this with

2411
01:57:08,800 --> 01:57:13,440
third graders and fourth graders and it

2412
01:57:10,719 --> 01:57:15,440
is actually a thorium mantle that boy

2413
01:57:13,440 --> 01:57:17,760
scouts used to use to light lanterns

2414
01:57:15,440 --> 01:57:20,000
when camping. So radiation is not

2415
01:57:17,760 --> 01:57:22,159
inherently dangerous. Your bones are

2416
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:24,800
rather radioactive. Bananas are

2417
01:57:22,159 --> 01:57:26,560
radioactive. Um there's radiation

2418
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,719
zipping all through this room and

2419
01:57:26,560 --> 01:57:30,480
sunlight is a form of radiation, right?

2420
01:57:28,719 --> 01:57:34,159
Uh so the radioactive source is on the

2421
01:57:30,480 --> 01:57:35,679
inside. I have rubbing alcohol that I've

2422
01:57:34,159 --> 01:57:38,159
sprayed on the inside of this cloud

2423
01:57:35,679 --> 01:57:40,239
chamber. That rubbing alcohol is the

2424
01:57:38,159 --> 01:57:43,199
cloud. When that rubbing alcohol

2425
01:57:40,239 --> 01:57:45,920
evaporates, we get a vapor on the inside

2426
01:57:43,199 --> 01:57:48,639
of that chamber. We have cold dry ice on

2427
01:57:45,920 --> 01:57:50,880
the bottom and we have room temperature

2428
01:57:48,639 --> 01:57:53,199
part of the chamber up at the top.

2429
01:57:50,880 --> 01:57:55,040
That's our temperature difference. Now,

2430
01:57:53,199 --> 01:57:56,560
what's happening on the inside? That

2431
01:57:55,040 --> 01:57:58,480
radioactive source is releasing

2432
01:57:56,560 --> 01:58:00,000
radiation at all times. Okay? But

2433
01:57:58,480 --> 01:58:02,320
usually it's invisible because

2434
01:58:00,000 --> 01:58:05,119
radioactive particles are extremely

2435
01:58:02,320 --> 01:58:06,639
tiny. When you create this temperature

2436
01:58:05,119 --> 01:58:08,960
difference and you have this cloud on

2437
01:58:06,639 --> 01:58:12,560
the inside and that radioactive particle

2438
01:58:08,960 --> 01:58:14,960
zips through the cloud, it condenses the

2439
01:58:12,560 --> 01:58:18,560
alcohol vapor behind it and you see a

2440
01:58:14,960 --> 01:58:19,920
trail kind of like um if you imagine,

2441
01:58:18,560 --> 01:58:21,920
you know, if anyone's ever seen a video

2442
01:58:19,920 --> 01:58:23,440
of a bullet being shot underwater, what

2443
01:58:21,920 --> 01:58:26,800
do you have behind that bullet? You have

2444
01:58:23,440 --> 01:58:28,880
a very you have an expanding uh cone of

2445
01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:31,599
air. The same thing is happening in this

2446
01:58:28,880 --> 01:58:34,960
chamber. And that's about it. It's super

2447
01:58:31,599 --> 01:58:36,320
simple. Um, I have gloves and everyone

2448
01:58:34,960 --> 01:58:38,000
sees me put on these gloves and they're

2449
01:58:36,320 --> 01:58:39,360
like, "Oh yeah, radiation is dangerous."

2450
01:58:38,000 --> 01:58:41,440
He put on the gloves to deal with the

2451
01:58:39,360 --> 01:58:43,440
radiation. Uh, no. I can touch this

2452
01:58:41,440 --> 01:58:45,360
radioactive source with my bare hands. I

2453
01:58:43,440 --> 01:58:47,119
would not worry about it. Um, I wouldn't

2454
01:58:45,360 --> 01:58:49,360
want to swallow that radioactive source,

2455
01:58:47,119 --> 01:58:51,360
but beyond that, it's totally fine. The

2456
01:58:49,360 --> 01:58:53,840
gloves are for the dry ice. A lot more

2457
01:58:51,360 --> 01:58:56,159
dangerous than the radiation. Um, so I

2458
01:58:53,840 --> 01:58:57,920
set this up a while ago. So, I want to

2459
01:58:56,159 --> 01:59:00,400
make sure it's still showing trails.

2460
01:58:57,920 --> 01:59:03,960
Yes, it is. Um, come on up and you can

2461
01:59:00,400 --> 01:59:03,960
come and see some radiation.

2462
01:59:04,000 --> 01:59:07,280
All right, line up one at a time. So,

2463
01:59:05,920 --> 01:59:09,199
I'm going to get out so we can kind of

2464
01:59:07,280 --> 01:59:12,639
come on both sides here. Here, I'll

2465
01:59:09,199 --> 01:59:13,679
bring it I'll bring it to the end. Um,

2466
01:59:12,639 --> 01:59:14,880
so the way you're going to want to

2467
01:59:13,679 --> 01:59:17,840
observe it is you're going to want to

2468
01:59:14,880 --> 01:59:19,920
look from the top of this chamber down.

2469
01:59:17,840 --> 01:59:21,840
And on the black, that white thing there

2470
01:59:19,920 --> 01:59:23,840
is the radioactive source. And on the

2471
01:59:21,840 --> 01:59:25,520
black bottom of this chamber, you're

2472
01:59:23,840 --> 01:59:27,440
going to see wisps of smoke. And each

2473
01:59:25,520 --> 01:59:29,840
one of those wisps is a radioactive

2474
01:59:27,440 --> 01:59:34,000
particle being shot off. So take a look.

2475
01:59:29,840 --> 01:59:36,400
And do you see all that down there?

2476
01:59:34,000 --> 01:59:38,639
So that is radiation. Now, one cool

2477
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:40,880
thing about this is you'll see radiation

2478
01:59:38,639 --> 01:59:43,360
coming off that radioactive source. But

2479
01:59:40,880 --> 01:59:44,000
every now and then you'll see a trail.

2480
01:59:43,360 --> 01:59:44,400
You see it?

2481
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:45,360
» Yep.

2482
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:48,320
» Yep.

2483
01:59:45,360 --> 01:59:49,199
» See that down there? All those wispy

2484
01:59:48,320 --> 01:59:49,679
things shooting off.

2485
01:59:49,199 --> 01:59:50,880
» Yeah.

2486
01:59:49,679 --> 01:59:52,719
» Yeah.

2487
01:59:50,880 --> 01:59:54,880
» Now, every now and then we'll see one

2488
01:59:52,719 --> 01:59:56,880
come from a random direction. Why?

2489
01:59:54,880 --> 01:59:58,480
Because radiation is shooting through

2490
01:59:56,880 --> 01:59:59,679
the atmosphere at all times.

2491
01:59:58,480 --> 02:00:02,000
Commissioner, you want to look right

2492
01:59:59,679 --> 02:00:03,840
through the top actually to the bottom.

2493
02:00:02,000 --> 02:00:05,280
You see that? See all that wispy stuff

2494
02:00:03,840 --> 02:00:05,599
being shot around in the black bottom

2495
02:00:05,280 --> 02:00:06,560
there?

2496
02:00:05,599 --> 02:00:09,280
» Oh, yeah.

2497
02:00:06,560 --> 02:00:11,040
» That is radiation. Now, that's always

2498
02:00:09,280 --> 02:00:13,440
happening off of that radioactive

2499
02:00:11,040 --> 02:00:17,159
source. It's only visible because we put

2500
02:00:13,440 --> 02:00:17,159
it here in this chamber.

2501
02:00:18,719 --> 02:00:22,000
» It wouldn't be the first time I've had

2502
02:00:20,239 --> 02:00:25,440
that request. So,

2503
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:27,679
» Waves. Yeah. Um, illustrate wind.

2504
02:00:25,440 --> 02:00:29,119
» Yep. Exactly. You seeing them?

2505
02:00:27,679 --> 02:00:30,239
» Yeah, that is cool.

2506
02:00:29,119 --> 02:00:31,599
» How about you? You seeing them? They

2507
02:00:30,239 --> 02:00:32,400
give me hard here. I'll scoot over a

2508
02:00:31,599 --> 02:00:34,639
little bit because you really want to

2509
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:36,480
look at the from the very top straight

2510
02:00:34,639 --> 02:00:37,040
down.

2511
02:00:36,480 --> 02:00:41,239
» Okay.

2512
02:00:37,040 --> 02:00:41,239
» Yeah, that's radiation.

2513
02:00:43,679 --> 02:00:46,719
» Seeing it?

2514
02:00:44,880 --> 02:00:48,080
» You're not. I'll scoot it over for you a

2515
02:00:46,719 --> 02:00:49,360
little bit. So, if you look from the

2516
02:00:48,080 --> 02:00:51,520
straight top down, you want to look at

2517
02:00:49,360 --> 02:00:53,840
the black bottom of this chamber and you

2518
02:00:51,520 --> 02:00:57,040
should see Here

2519
02:00:53,840 --> 02:00:59,040
you go. You see all those wispy things

2520
02:00:57,040 --> 02:01:02,320
that are flying around? That's

2521
02:00:59,040 --> 02:01:04,400
radiation. Yep.

2522
02:01:02,320 --> 02:01:05,760
» There you go.

2523
02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:07,440
All right.

2524
02:01:05,760 --> 02:01:08,960
» I do. I'll get you. I have one in that

2525
02:01:07,440 --> 02:01:10,560
in that bag there.

2526
02:01:08,960 --> 02:01:12,960
» Okay. I'll put them on the desk here for

2527
02:01:10,560 --> 02:01:14,800
sure. Um, did anybody not Oh, here you

2528
02:01:12,960 --> 02:01:16,320
go. Did anybody not get to see the

2529
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:18,639
trails? Yeah. Use the flashlight

2530
02:01:16,320 --> 02:01:21,040
yourself to kind of get a good angle.

2531
02:01:18,639 --> 02:01:21,040
See the